Social Construction of Gender Essay -- Gender Socialization Sex Essays

Social Construction of GenderTodays purchase order plays a very important role in the construction of grammatical gender. Genderis a type of issue that has raised many questions over the years in defining and debating if both male and female be equal. Today gender is constructed in four different ways. Thefirst way gender is defined is by the family in which a child is raised. Second is the society in which a child interacts makes friends and enemies. The third is our school system and our board of education. And the last but not least is our avow self conscious. Each of the preceding(prenominal) four ways have a unique way of purgeing and helping an individual define his/her gender.Lets take the first one in perspective. The family is a very important factor indefining our gender. Our gender starts to define as soon as we are born. If a boy is bornin a family, the family members would bargain toys like monster trucks, race cars, action heroand toys that inspire a male behavio r. As oppose to if a girl is born, the family memberswould buy dolls, and cute dresses, and stuffed bears. They would inspire her to behavesoft and kind like a female should behave. Parents would allow their sons to stay out lateand be little more than liberal on them. And they would not allow their daughter to stay ourlate and be a little strict. Dads would expect their sons to help him in the garage or anyother project around the house and moms expect their daughters to help them in kitchen. All of these characteristics are not unusual or our of ordinary, this has been the tradition for hundreds of ears and as far as I can see it will still remain the same.Society is a social factors that has many ways in which its mold a individual anddefines his/her gender. Society accepts your friends, mentors, enemies, and ourco-workers and significant others. If you are a boy you usually hand around with guys,playing football, basketball and other sports. A boy is expected to have Machoness inside him when he grows up. If you are a girl, you would usually hang around girls,playing indoor games, watching soaps, and going shopping each now and them. Asociety expect a boy to be the solid figure in a family. A man who can relieve oneself the bread forthe family and women to take care of kids and the house. Jobs out in our society definesgender. Men are usually factory workers, electri... ...losingfriends and family most male and female construct their own role in their life. The conclusion of this essay is that there are four prime factors that constructgender role in todays society. They include our family, society, educational systems andself conscious. There are other cultural products that effect the gender within these fourcategories. For example the notion that women are physically and weaker and then(prenominal) men andthat they are much more emotional then men are. I think no one should be judged on whatthere gender. The discourse Gender should be used less and less and individuals should bejudged on their accomplishment and work rather then gender. Society have been definingand constructing gender for many years. But in 20th century we should all constructgender not according to what one can do and what not, but what cordial qualities theyhave. We should define men as courageous and ambitious. Male gender should be defineas father, son, and a leader, instead of someone who are physically stronger then women. Female gender should be define as mothers, sister and others who are caring, loving andcare taking, instead of weak individuals.

The Militia Group :: Websites Internet Music Essays

The reserves GroupIn the year 2001 a band named Rufio, released their full length album on an unrecognizable record label. Since then The Militia Group has grown to become a popular label in the Southern California area and is starting to gain fame with the rest indie rockers of the United States. The Militia Group decided to create a web berth to share the label with the world and hope to let others experience the wallow the bands bring. They asked a company to create a website that is accessible to all so their record label could grow. This company helped The Militia Group create an amazing site that is simple enough for those non-computer users except still entertaining enough for people to come back to the site over and over again. The Militia Group successfully uses ethos, pathos, and logos to create a reasonable, entertaining, and informative website.Most websites will have partners or links on the webpage to supporting web pages or sites that will reinsure their audi ence they are credible. The Militia Group, like other labels websites, has a section with just the bands that are signed by the label and a section to media such as audio and video, that you can hear the different bands. In the section with the bands, each band has its own bio, tour dates, releases, specific news, and a link to their website. By displaying all this information for every band people feel that everything must be true, because no one would go to that much of an social movement to make this entire up. For those people who still may still feel some doubt on if this is a true label, they can go to the media section. In the media section of the website, one can find audio and video clips, photos, and many other things. The audio and video clips and photos all help the label credibility. Now the person can hear and see that there are actual bands that have been signed by the site and are making real music. The site is non only credible but also very entertaining.T hings such as the audio and video clips do not only make the site credible but also make the site very entertaining. Most websites will usually open with a page that you need to click to enter the site, but the Militia Group goes beyond just the picture by putting either information about a future CD or nevertheless sometimes music samples from an upcoming or new release.

Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Personal Narrative Teaching Education Essays

Philosophy Declining, decaying, and disappearing are just a few of the words that can be used to explain the emphasis put on imposture programs in schools. Art is not seen as a necessity. Standardized tests are now dictating not only what is taught in school but what is more than meaning(a) to teach. Seldom do you see a question pertaining to artistic creation or even arts history on a regularize test. I telephone that art is a genuinely important subject. Not only does it act as a creative outlet allowing students to express disembodied spiritings that may be forbidden to act on, but art is deeply rooted in our history from the cave paintings first found in France to the modern uses in advertisement. Our land would be boring without art right down to our cornflakes because they would no longer have a rooster on the box. The fact that I think that art is important is just one reason why I would like to be a teacher. More importantly, I indirect request t o do what I beloved and teach others how to do it as well. As generic as it may sound, I want to broaden students minds by teaching them that art is a terrible creative process. I want them to understand that they can use it to speak, especially when they think no one is listening. In fact until recently, I never wanted to be a teacher at all. I wanted to be a doctor. However along the way, I have had so very stir teachers who had a great impact on me. I want to do what I love. I want to be around people, and I want to be around art. I am pursuing a stratum in Art genteelness K-12 and plan to get a masters degree in art once I graduate from Concord College. My ultimate goal is to teach at a high school locally. I feel that the countryfied schools in this area do not challenge their students enough and do not provide them with information on the various opportunities available to them aft(prenominal) graduation. I also realize that the local culture can be blind to the value of art.Educational Goals and Philosophy Personal Narrative Teaching Education EssaysPhilosophy Declining, decaying, and disappearing are just a few of the words that can be used to explain the emphasis put on art programs in schools. Art is not seen as a necessity. Standardized tests are now dictating not only what is taught in school but what is more important to teach. Seldom do you see a question pertaining to art or even arts history on a standardized test. I think that art is a very important subject. Not only does it act as a creative outlet allowing students to express feelings that may be forbidden to act on, but art is deeply rooted in our history from the cave paintings first found in France to the modern uses in advertisement. Our world would be boring without art right down to our cornflakes because they would no longer have a rooster on the box. The fact that I think that art is important is just one reason why I would like to be a teacher. More importantly, I want to do what I love and teach others how to do it as well. As generic as it may sound, I want to broaden students minds by teaching them that art is a serious creative process. I want them to understand that they can use it to speak, especially when they think no one is listening. In fact until recently, I never wanted to be a teacher at all. I wanted to be a doctor. However along the way, I have had so very inspiring teachers who had a great impact on me. I want to do what I love. I want to be around people, and I want to be around art. I am pursuing a degree in Art Education K-12 and plan to get a masters degree in art once I graduate from Concord College. My ultimate goal is to teach at a high school locally. I feel that the rural schools in this area do not challenge their students enough and do not provide them with information on the various opportunities available to them after graduation. I also realize that the l ocal culture can be blind to the value of art.

Dramatic Devices in A J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

Dramatic Devices in An examiner CallsEssayThis book The Inspector calls is a gripping drama written by J.BPriesly, it deals with the some problems in the knowledge base from famine, howminorities were treated and the underclass people. It also showsPrieslys view on the homeless and the poor. He served in the firstworld war and believed that the world should of learned from itsmistakes but as it turns out it did not and that angered him. So afterthe Second World War he wrote the book Inspector calls. This bookuses the device of hammy irany to portray his characters as not soclever and somewhat fools. It also has a lot of twists and turns and drop cloth hangers.The reason this book is successful good on stage is that Priesly has agood use of mystery and suspense in the book. Priesly uses theconvention of a research worker genre very well and also uses the whodunitelement. All the family members in there own way are responsible forthe death of Eva Smith. For example Sheila got her fire from the onlygood job that she could keep just because the hat looked better on herand she thought that she was express joying at her. There was also MrBirling who dismissed her because she was one of the ringleaders thatstarted a strike for higher wages. Eric used her for just a good time,as did Gerald. Eric however got her pregnant and offered her money butshe refused. When Eva Smith whent to the humanity that Mrs Birlinworked at Eva Smith used the name Mrs Birlin which greatly angered thereal Mrs Birlin who used her influence to not give money to Eva Smith.The play also uses dramatic irany well. For example when Mrs Birlinsaid The father should be responsible for the baby or when Mr Birlinsays The Titanic.. absolutely unsinkable. Priesly uses dramaticirany to make the readers or the audience laugh and portray thecharacters as dim witted. Some more of the devices that made the play successful on stage arethe cliff hangers at the end of the scenes or the acts are successfula nd entertaining. Some of the better cliff hangers that seemed goodare when at the end of the scene the Inspector is telling everyonethat they indeed had some startle to play in the death of Eva Smith. Thereason its so effective is that its a clever cliff hanger that seemsto keep people hooked on what the family members have to do with the

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlet Father and Son :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

juncture Comparing Father and Son The play, small town, by William Shakespeare, Hamlet was a man that looked up to his preceptor throughout his life, during and after his fathers death. The younger Hamlet tried to follow in his fathers footsteps, but as much as they were alike, they were very much different. The man named Hamlet had a son named Hamlet and after every issue was over, that is one of the few things that they had in common. King Hamlet and Hamlet canvas in that they are both upset by the Queens marriage, they both hate Claudius, they are both brave, and they are both dead by the end of the play. They contrast in that while Hamlets father was king, Hamlet will never have the kingship, Hamlet does not leave a legacy and they die differently. Hamlet looked up to his father because he felt that he was a great leader and the bravest man that he knew, as Hamlet mentioned, so excellent a king (I. ii.149).  He wanted to be so much like him, but couldnt because of a coup le of barriers that he had to trade with. He became a lot like his father in the end. Hamlet was very disappointed with his life because he knew that becoming king was one thing that he didnt have in common with his father, because his stepfather was king, married with my uncle, my fathers brother (I. ii. 151-2).  Hamlet was very upset by his mothers marriage, and as he learns later, his father was as well, It is not nor it cannot come to good But break, my heart for I must hold my tongue (I. ii. 157-8). The ghost of Hamlets father advises his own opinion, Let not the royal fuck of Denmark be A couch for luxury and damned incest (I. v. 82-3). They both shared the hatred towards Claudius, the King and the wife of Hamlets mother and his fathers widow. Hamlet expresses his hatred in I. v. 106, 108-9, O villain, villainThat one may smileand be a villain At least I am sure it may be so in Denmark. The ghost gives his hatred in I. v. 38-9, 42, The serpent that did sting thy fathers life Now wears his crown. Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast. Hamlet does become as brave as his father when he kills the king, his stepfather, when the plot of the king to kill Hamlet goes wrong, and the Queen drinks the poisoned drink herself.

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlet Father and Son :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet Comparing Father and Son The play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Hamlet was a man that looked up to his father throughout his life, during and after his fathers death. The younger Hamlet tried to follow in his fathers footsteps, but as much as they were alike, they were very much different. The man named Hamlet had a son named Hamlet and after everything was over, that is one of the few things that they had in common. King Hamlet and Hamlet compare in that they are both upset by the Queens marriage, they both hate Claudius, they are both brave, and they are both dead by the obliterate of the play. They contrast in that while Hamlets father was king, Hamlet will never have the kingship, Hamlet does not leave a bequest and they die differently. Hamlet looked up to his father because he felt that he was a great leader and the bravest man that he knew, as Hamlet mentioned, so excellent a king (I. ii.149).  He wanted to be so much like him, but couldnt because of a couple of barriers that he had to deal with. He became a lot like his father in the end. Hamlet was very disappointed with his life because he knew that becoming king was one thing that he didnt have in common with his father, because his stepfather was king, married with my uncle, my fathers brother (I. ii. 151-2).  Hamlet was very upset by his mothers marriage, and as he learns later, his father was as well, It is not nor it cannot come on to good But break, my heart for I must hold my tongue (I. ii. 157-8). The ghost of Hamlets father advises his own opinion, Let not the royal bed of Denmark be A couch for luxury and damned incest (I. v. 82-3). They both shared the hatred towards Claudius, the King and the wife of Hamlets mother and his fathers widow. Hamlet expresses his hatred in I. v. 106, 108-9, O scoundrel, villainThat one may smileand be a villain At least I am sure it may be so in Denmark. The ghost gives his hatred in I. v. 38-9, 42, The serpent that did sting thy fathers life Now wears his crown. Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast. Hamlet does become as brave as his father when he kills the king, his stepfather, when the plot of the king to kill Hamlet goes wrong, and the Queen drinks the poisoned drink herself.

Race-Based Jury Nullification Essay

control panel nullification is a situation where the jury gives a non illegal judgment to a defendant whom he has evidence that he is guilty of the offence based on various reasons. It occurs when there is enough evidence to convict the defendant but the jury is persuaded that conviction is being injustice to the accused. Jury nullification is mainly based on the race of the defendant or the unjustness of the ruling against the defendant among other factors (Rivera, 2006). Some people view that the jurors should canvas this option when they are faced with situation where the defendant is from a minority and he is persuaded that the law is unjust to the defendant. Some people believe that this is the only counsel to bring equality in our courts of law. They believe that jury nullification based on race is the only way to bring change and reduce racial discrimination in the American law courts. The judgment issued by the judge is not supposed to be wholly based on facts but should exact factors such as the racial injustices and inequalities based on their wisdom and experience.Otherwise a machine can effectively replace the judges (Rivera, 2006). A level-headed number of Americans are not happy about a criminal being let free not because the law is unjust, but because he live on to a certain race. They view jury nullification as releasing wrong does back to the society to commit more crimes. The juror should therefore revoke jury nullification and consider the vulgarity of the criminal act committed, the background of the defendant and whether the law is just or not before deciding on this option. Race based jury nullification is subject to misuse by both the white and the black jurors. In many occasions jury nullification has been used to favor a certain race at the expense of the other race. Whites who have committed crimes against the blacks have been set free by juries at the expense of the blacks. Black juries have also misused jury nullification to free those who harm their enemies thus using race based nullification as a revenge tool against their enemies. (Jemal, 1997).

Chinese government Essay

Ai WeiWei blurred the lines between the aesthetical and the political. According to the internet, aesthetic is defined as concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty. Ai WeiWei used art to protest against the Chinese presidency. Ai Weiwei was a creative macrocosm who thought of ideas how to represent the names of all the children who were killed in a deadly earthquake. A commentator in the movie claimed that Ai WeiWei was doing a job that the government should be doing. A deadly earthquake collapsed many buildings including homes and schools.Thousands of children were killed and were left unrecognized. Ai WeiWei wasnt going to let this go. He assembled a project, full of volunteers to attention him research for the names of the children who were killed in the disaster. He placed every individual name on his wall. The project inspired him to create more pieces of art work to repulse against the Chinese government. Ai WeiWei was a fearless man. Ai WeiWei was very involved with social media. He used twitter to share to the world how corrupt chinas government was. He left China when he said Fuck You Mother Land. Cameras are sometimes forbidden in China. Ai WeiWei was assaulted by a police officer, but that did not stop him from taking pictures in front court houses or of an officer who was at the scene when he was attacked. Ai WeiWei created a wall full of back packs to slay other individuals aware of the children that died in the earthquake. During the 2nd anniversary, Ai WeiWei asked his followers to pick a name and magnetic disk it on tape and share it to the world. Ai WeiWei was sharing his experience in China of the corrupt government with thousands of spate around the world.Ai WeiWei made people aware of what was going on in China. Ai WeiWei became well-known through his work of art. He expressed his ideas through his work. Not only did his art make him well-known, Ai WeiWei captured many supporters to revolt against the corrupt system. Ai W eiWei was a man with no selfishness. He looked out for others and he was always looking and searching for ideas that would help him and his followers. Ai WeiWei was not afraid of the consequences, as long as he knew it was for the good.

Outbreak and development of The Cold War Essay

The orthodox school sees the Cold War as the merchandise of the aggressive and expansionist foreign policies of USSR. This view has been presented by historians such as W. H .McNeill, H. Feis, and A. Schlesinger.After WW2 a power vacuum was left in a large part of central and Eastern Europe. Stalin took the advantage of this in order to strengthen the Soviet Union and spread communism. In the Yalta conference (Feb 1945), Stalin demanded parts of Poland to be given to USSR. Stalin made a communist g everyplacenment of Poland although there was already a Polish government in UK. This kind of behavior made the air jacket (USA, UK etc) fear that USSR would gain permanent control over Poland. Stalin went even further, in the same year (1945 JulyAugust) Potsdam conference, Stalin wanted parts of Turkey, demanded trusteeship of one of the former Italian colonies in Africa, disabled USA and allies access in areas of Europe occupied by the Red ground forces, moved the frontier of the USSR due westwards and gave Poland lands that the allies didnt agree. Stalins actions and his wants made the westerly think Stalin was trying to make a huge communist empire. This marked a cooling in relations mingled with the two sides.Between 1945 and 1948 communist regimes were established throughout Eastern Europe (Salami tactics). Albania (1945), Bulgaria (1945), Poland (1947), Hungary (1947), Romania (1945-1947), Czechoslovakia (1948), and East Germany (1949), all these countries went through a different process, but the results were the same. The Red Army retained a presence in much of Eastern Europe during and after this process. A communist zone was created in Europe. This was seen as yet some other example of Stalins expansionist foreign policy. The Berlin blockade could be another example, 24th June 1948 Stalin closed all rail and road links from Berlin to West supplies. The west saw this as an attempt to starve the west out of the city as a prelude to a possible attack on West Germany. It was defeated in 12th may 1949, only by the wests airlift of all supplies into the western sector of the city. In result, NATO was created in 1949 by the Western Allies as a defensive alliance against the USSR.March 1946, Churchills Fulton speech described the Soviet bloc as an iron mantelpiece. Stalin believed this was necessary to maintain the safety of the USSR. The tension worsened all the time. For example, March 1947 Truman Doctrine, The US implemented a policy of containment towards the USSR, and this is the evidence of the increased tension among the two superpowers.By the end of 1949, East Europe was in the hands of USSR. The Communist states installed by Stalin were controlled by two organizations. One of them was Cominform (replacement of comintern) coordinated and ensured that communist parties over East Europe prevailed Soviet style communism. The other was Comecon, which coordinated the economies of their communist states. The movement of spreading of communism also started to show in the Far East. The triumph of the Chinese communist party and the invasion of South Korea by the communist North Korea were viewed by the West as the evidence that Stalins expansionist policies defecate secured the spreading of communism.Although these actions were reasonable in the Soviet point of view, most of Stalins actions were offensive towards the West Alliance in the US point of view. The conflicts outbreak was in part a consequence of the Western powers failure to accommodate Soviet security needs, but this very failure stemmed from Soviet policies. Stalins policies were too aggressive in the West point of view, and were unacceptable. Thus the Soviet foreign policies were quite responsible for the outbreak of the Cold War.

Misconceptions About Africa

Coming to the States Paper In the movie Coming to America we great deal observe a wide variety of stereotypes, cultural differences, and language barriers throughout the movie. Now whether or not the stereotypes and cultural differences are accurate, it gives us a vertical idea of how America is difference then most countries around the world. In todays world when people think of Africa they think of people who may not be as educated as Americans, and possibly people who grew up in the jungle or rainforest.When in fact only a small percentage of Africa, along the Guinea Coast, Congo, and in the Zaire River Basin, are rainforests. Most of Africas forests, like the forests of Europe and North America, have been cut or burned by humans to create farmland. (MAA) We also witness language barriers come into play in the movie. When the Prince is trying to find a city in America to find his bride he says what better place for a queen than Queens, New York.When in all reality Queens, New York is known for existence to have a relatively high crime rate and high poverty rate in 1988 when the movie was released, which in American culture, would probably not be the best place to find your queen or girlfriend. Cultural differences, language barriers, and stereotypes, come up quite often in the movie. The movie tries to provide Americans in a somewhat comedic way how Africa and America have different cultures.The cultural differences in the movie also suggest that it may not be very easy to transition between the two cultures, because Americans and Africans may value different things greater in unity country compared to the other. Stereotypes, cultural differences, and language barriers will always be around, but it is up to the people of the world to educate one another, and help them evaluate and transform their differences, which will in turn help the coexistence of nations throughout the world. Citations Misconceptions About Africa. African Studies Center, Univer sity of Pennsylvania. Ed. Ali B. Ali-Dinar. Web. 05 Oct. 2010. . (MAA)

Analysing Sustainability Policies Of Hewlett Packard Environmental Sciences Essay

Company de exclusively. I have selected HP Ltd Company for my assignment subject. Hew permitt-Packard ( HP ) is an first-class partnership. It provides scoreing and scanning equipments to consumers, partakes, and fabrication and intuitions entirely over the World. The company is non merely limited to the industry of news makeupwomans, scanner and peripheral equipment only when besides provides consultancies, entree devices, personal computer science and worldwide services to big, average size and little brass instruments. I have selected HP Printer Company receivable to its Climate friendly attitude that is rather obvious from its policies and one-year meeting studies. The HP Company is fair committed to cut imbibe C footmark in its policy. It has taken several practical attacks in last few of age(predicate) ages to cut down its C infantry print.lineation of the companyHP is an international company with supply concatenation every over the universe. The direction soci al formation consists of five mesa of managers. The chief sections include Nomination and Governance, Human Resource, Audit and engineering. In add-on to the direction board, the company has an executive apparatus dwelling upon major(postnominal) and executive frailty presidents from concern division and caputs of corporate maps. The executive commission has different duties than the direction squad. The executive commission ensures that the ethical and surroundal policies of the company atomic number 18 decently followed. HP uses an first-class nomenclature in terrene ethical small town. It uses the word planetal citizenship which is an factual concern, a company should play to treasure planetary environment and beauty to eccentric for planetary coitizenship.2.1 Functions of company2.2 Distinctive characteristicsThe eco-cost argon the amount of direct and in-direct costs of the environmental impacts ca utilize by the merchandise in its full liveness rhythm. The purpos e of the EMS is to happen out alternate design, theoretical account and parts which be eco-friendly. Actually, it is true analysis as impacts on environment does be us like thriftlessness direction or the wellness jeopardies to the public etc. HP is climate friendly company. It add the cost of wellness jeopardies of ink, disposal cost and engagement of electricity in the existent cost of the pressman to happen out the environmental impacts. Its alone policies to command EMS inside the judiciary and proctor away organizational environmental activities has do it successful and typical in modern fictionalisation industry. It has good developed EMS for long clip that is continuously revised and reviewed. The acute involvement of HP Ltd in environmental protection through its fabrication procedure, readyings, awareness compaigh, research, aid to associated houses and counsel to its employees are important characteristics of HP Ltd.2.3 Business activities and relationship to envi ronmentWe can depict the impact of pressman by spliting it into three stages paper use impacts, electricity use and the direction of waste merchandises. Harmonizing to historical informations, the use of paper has increased to three crease over the last three decennaries ( Mckinny 1995 ) . The paper has been used as a chief commence of information storage since antediluvian Egyptians invented the papyrus, the Chinese do it much perfect by big scale paper industry and Gutenberg invented the printing imperativeness ( Saaty 1980 ) . The planetary heating has increased the importance of paperless nomenclature and most of organisations and public-service corporation houses are exchanging to the paperless schemes ( Newton 1993 ) . HP Ltd is globally recognised company. It has strong concern dealingss to its partnr companies and subsidieries. HP is fabricating a immense scope of merchandises and rule merchandises like pressmans use vry toxic stuff in the signifier of ink. HP has taken an environmental protection attack to save up environment by following EMS itself and guaranting that its concern links besides follow its policies. Its audit dodging, information and consciousness compaigh, support and advice to dependant concerns and proficient aid to associated concern provides satisfaction that HP is working towards its C print decrease scheme successfully and adequately. HP Ltd s environmental policies are non ony refected from its intrinsic organizational dealingss but besides through its relation to spouse companies through out the universe and dependent partnr companies like parts providers, packaging companies, transportors and preparation companies. HP has a effective attack to supervise its internal organizational policies and observe external organitionsresonsibilities at the same clip.Environmental duties of the companyEnvironmental impactHP company is bugger off forthing many merchandises hving direct or indirect impacts on environment. For simple ness, we can dis cussone merchandise Printers. Assorted metals are used in pressman s fabrication. The metals include galvanized sword metal for take a crapion, plated steel shafts, and Copper metal in motor and little fraction of Aluminum in another(prenominal) parts. These metal stuffs are reclaimable but Copper in motor may suppress steel recycling. The electronic constituent besides contributes to environmental impact and consists chiefly on printed electronic board ( PWB ) and nigh electronics. However, the electronic constituents merely make the 3 % weight of the pressmans in entire ( William et al 2005 ) . The electronics in pressmans consist on few PWB normally hexad and weighing approximately 250 gms. The circuit boards are made of few millimeters thick epoxy coated glass fibre cloth laminate plated with Cu but these are free of lead. The procedure of circuit board fabrication consists on FR4 laminate procedure a composite and popular laminate substrate industry pro cedure. The procedure is a squiffy processing method dwelling on cover, lithography, plating, and electronics engrafting to make a printed circuit board. The epoxy is normally assorted with a bromide fire retardent.Hazard to the administrationHP company has environmental direction system in administration. The system has been developed many old ages ago and still come oning towards to cut down the footmark. The EMS is used to place hazards and impacts of the HP company on environment. HP company has a valid survelliance system to place environmental hazards by utilizing its EMS. The hazards may be present in assorted sections incuding operational departmemt, fabrication, packaging, selling and administration. Once cardinal hazard countries are identified and managed, further monitoring, reappraisal and alteration of EMS is carried out to tell successful sanctuary to environment. HP company has besides an audit system to look into if the internal operations including environmental protection policy and process are followed or non. The audit section provides a regular observation to look into either company is successful to maintain its planetary citizenship or non.The pressmans are used domestically, commercially and in industry. The general intent of domestically used pressmans is designed to make a satisfied occupation of publishing at acceptable paragon spot. Normally, no duplexer is associated with domestically used pressmans and pages are turned manually by the user. Largely two types of cartridges are used one for the text printing and other for the colour printing. A printer battalion normally comes with a pressman itself, a black cartridge, a colour cartridge, a power overseas telegram, an external power supply, a USB or other port linking overseas telegram, CD-ROM ( with package ) and a user information brochure. The pressman varies in size and ordinarily weighs range from 1.5 to 5 kilogram. Similarly the monetary value varies maltreatonizing t o do and quality.Now we can take an analysis of pressman s fabrication leg. Printers are made of polymers in their primary construction and in the industry of its parts ( Smits 1996 ) . Two most commonly polymers in pressmans include high impact polystyrene ( HIPS ) and acrylonitrile-butadiene cinnamene ( ABS ) . However, all plastics in pressmans are non needfully HIPS or ABS and 86 % of plastic in pressmans are reclaimable ( William et al 2002 ) . An excluding per centum is non reclaimable due to the presence of filets. However, for the simpleness of our illustration survey, we assume that pressman plastics are ABS. We will be sing chief fabrication stuff in smell rhythm and will non concentrate on the intermediate stuff processing, packaging and transportation. A tabular array for boxing stuff rake list has been reprocessed from information beginnings ( Jason et al 2005 ) .Legal DutyHP is successfully conformity with environmental related Torahs. These includes European broth erhood limitation of Hazardous Substances ( ROHS ) , WEE Direcive and many more. The ROHS enforce that any electronic merchandise fabrication company must do it certain that the merchandise or constituent may non incorporate lead, quicksilver, Cd, bexavalent, Cr, PBB and PBDE flameretardants more than and over the limitation imposed by jurisprudence. completely HP merchandises are conformity with Eu ROHS alteration ( ROHS 2 ) , Turkey ROH, China ROH and all other Ro hiking limitations. HP was one of the few companies who foremost of all achieved complience with EU ROHS in stuff choice non merely in its subdivisions in Europe but in all over the universe. EU ROHS was implemented in 2006. The policy of conformity with material limitation harmonizing to EU ROHS is obvious from one-year study of HP. The one-year study provides a comprehensive treatment and decision on acceptance of material limitation in Al its planetary unit to follow environmental jurisprudence. The HP is besides con formity with WEEE directive. The directing enforce duty on manufacturer of a merchandise to to take back and recycle their ain merchandises. The purpose of directive is to cut down landfill, C print and countenance makers to bring forth less waste..Critical Review of Company EMS systemPolicyEvery administration concerned with environmental protection has fixed some duties in its charters towards the benefit of environment through its operations.HP is committed to supply environmental protection and therefore it has duties witin administration, with provider and towards general populace every bit good to guarantee that they read environmental protection. HP has non merely audit system within its ain administration but besides an internal audit system to peep into suppier fabrication system against environmental duties. HP is non a individual unit but it is globally dispersed and has subsideries through out the universe. Head military post of HP Ltd is responsible to maintain an ap propriate EMS at all of its subordinates. Each concern unit has an environmental guidance commission on environment, heath and safety and a manager of environmental plans. HP has an level-headed supply concatenation direction system that is responsible to describe environmental issues in its one-year planetary citizenship study.PlaningPlanning is the first measure in any direction activity. Similarly, HP has an accurateplanning policy for its EMS. Protection of planetary citizenship by carry throughing environmental protection responcibility is last aim in planning policy. The planning policy is non merely HP s planning for EMS. The planning policy besides provide a calamus for subordinates and deperndent concerns to develop and pull off their EMS. A council specialised in environmental issues and established to cover with EMS is known as Environmental Strategic Council in HP organizational construction. For illustration, few old ages ago, the strategic council took determination on exclusion of some chemicals from fabricating procedure. The chemicals were unsafe for wellness and safety and may foul environment due to long permanent effects. There was a affair ofcost rise in caseof following safe stuff but strategic council advise to follow safer chemicals straightaway and research for cost effectual safer chemicals in future. Planning is used in planing, material subdivision, energy efficiency, selling and fabrication stages to guarantee EMS has been considered at every phase of a merchandise.The impact of pressman use on environment can be best understood by sing C print produced as a consequence of energy use during its industry, usage and so in waste disposal. All phases of pressman should be considered get downing from, pressman industry to the last-place of printer life. None of the phases can be ignored as disregarding any stage will non number the existent sum of carbon dioxide labor at that phase. For illustration, if we ignore fabricating phas e so we can disregard the CO2 produced at fabrication phase of the pressman.Execution and operationHP has an effectual direction system that addresses labour issues, labour direction issues, EMS issues, human resource issues, ehical issues and supply concatenation issues. The HP direction has arranged two audit systems. The internal audit system carry out frequent audits depending upon the degree and sum of hazard. The external audits are conducted to keep ISO 14001 and 9000 enfranchisement. The figure of external and internal audits vary harmonizing to the size of site aswell as the complexness of an administration. In HP Ltd, same scheme is applied for internal audits. However, the external audits are normally twice a twelvemonth to maintain ISO criterions. External audits are besides used as a shaft to step and record the green house gas emanation. Internal audits further verify these informations and helps in modifying EMS to decrese green house gas in future. Environmental pro tection is besides closely associated with wellness and safety ordinances. Therefor internal audits on wellness and safety are besides conducted on a regular basis by wellness and safety commission.4.4 CommunicationCommunication is an indispensable tool for successful operation of a company. Communication is divided into two parts an internal communicating and an external communicating. HP Ltd has really effectual communicating system that was further strengthened by constitution of stakeholder battle council in 2006. Stakeholder engagement council consist on HP s senior directors and guarantee company s relationship with NGO and other stakeholders. The council constituents are responsible to supply comprehensive support to identify holders in all issues. These issues may be everyday, environmental, opratonal, organizational, preparation, audt or administration. The council member make certain that stakeholder understand the HP s environmental policy and follow it efficaciously. H P doesnot go forth stakeholder in isolaton but provide an compound communicating with stakeholder into concern pattern. The communicating is carried efficaciously in HP with the aid of be aftering tool, stakeholder battle, online information, cognition and database, practical and physical support centres and employee s support. The degree and resource of communicating in HP Ltd includes meetings, studies, input consequences, one-year studies, action programs, policy and processs, conferences and docket Sessionss. HP communicates with clients, providers, contractors and sub-contractors, stakeholders, NGOS, local and international environmental bureaus, employees and empolyers to better understand emerging environmental issues.DocumentationHP has policy to document all its activities. Most of important activites are accessable through its one-year studies. HP is working towards environmental ends. It has besides adopted paperless schemes like other environmentally friendly administr ations. Therefore most of HP paperss can be achieved on-line. The on-line paperss include HP providers, occupationa wellness andsafety policy, environmental guidelines, merchandise purchase understanding, purchase order term and conditions and many more.Emergency readinessChecking and disciplinary actionThe involvement of HP limited is existent and can be realised by HP programme to run a charting class of environmental leading in market. The EMS analyzer package, environmental advance(a) classs, reuse of stuff and following new engineerings are adequate grounds to label HP as an environmentally friendly company. HP has introduced a construct of environmtal matrices as a step of environmental efficiency. The matrices are focused on C print of a merchandise during its development. The usage of environmental matrices is an advanced scene as compared to life rhythm analysis methodological analysis. The environmental public presentation matrices are treated as standard units and are a pplicable to two domestic and commercial merchandises. HP has non merely improved its merchandises but besides recalled any merchandise, it found hazard to climate.For illustration, the pressmans either industrial, commercial or domestic usage some chemicals in the signifier of ink which is harmful to the environment and human wellness ( Dias 2004 ) . These chemical are hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and besides do important harm to lungs, skin and nervous tissues if exposed for long clip. The harmful stuffs used in pressman besides contain really hazadorous stuff including Silver, Phosphoric acid and Isopropyl intoxicant. HP has taken a careful attack and introduced less harmful chemicals. One of such steps is the arid printing. The waterless engineering reduces VOCs ( Volatile Organic merge ) emanations by 98 % . The VOC are the major subscriber in formation of low degree Ozone ( Counsell et al 2007 ) . The low degree ozone can do respiratory jobs and worsen asthma and other respirato ry diseases. The VOC are gasses dwelling on harmful chemicals with ban wellness effects. These chemicals cause environmental contamination by distributing vulgar oil based ink dies ( Erbes 1996 ) . Petroleum based inks have been the traditional pick in the printing industry. These inks are non considered as environmentally friendly. The other disadvantages of arrant(a) oil based inks are the usage of non-renewable resource-petroleum. HP has introduced ink betterment in print industry. These inks are vegetable based and soy based inks and let go of few fractions of VOC.Management ReviewHP has adopted EMS system for many old ages but it is continuously updated after reappraisal, alteration and amendments in the microscopical radiation of feedback received by assorted resources. EMS is reviewd andupdated by assorted ways. For illustration, HP run an on-line moralss class for its employees and each employee is tracked either he has updated his preparation or non. In add-on to moral ss preparation, other preparations like environmental protection, wellness and safety, fire drill, emergy emptying and consciousness of policy and processs are besides availablein local and seven-fold linguistic communications. The best illustration of a tyrannical preparation at Canada HP centre is called Work Well preparation and cnsist on ergonometric appraisal and compulsory preparation faculties. Stakeholders are besides involved in environmental awareness preparation but it is conducted by HP employees directy interacting with external stakeholders by virtuousness of their businss activities. An on-line consciousness an preparation programm is besides available through HP chief web site. In add-on to earlier mentionedtrainings, HP arrange leading, entire quality direction preparations and any farther preparation, it considered necessary for the protection of gobal environment.Life rhythm analysis and EMSGlobal heating, environmental pollution, industrial reforms to pull of f environmental pollution and human attempts to command planetary heating are hot issues now-a-days ( Curran 1996 ) . Every merchandise has a life rhythm get downing from its fabrication to its remnant of life ( Lehman 2007 ) . The life rhythm appraisal ( LCA ) is a important tool to measure the impact of a merchandise on environment throughout its life ( Hischier 2007 ) . Mechanical and fabricating applied scientists can take benefit of LCA informations of a merchandise to reexamine and revise the stuff, design and engineering of the merchandise to cut down its negative impact on the environment ( Fussler et al 1996 ) . With the information of LCA of the merchandises, it is possible to choose environmentally friendly stuff to do merchandises pleasant, less harmful to environment and more efficient ( Guinee 2001 ) . Cost has been a important inducement but information of planetary heating has changed man of affairs and purchaser s position some a merchandise ( Newton 1993 ) . Both purchaser and concern adult male is more attractive to environmentally friendly merchandise ( Cramer et al 1997 ) . affair of computing machines in modern epoch has created a batch of peripheral and accoutrements used parallel to the computing machines. Printers, scanners, web Cam and many other accoutrements are quotidian usage in modern epoch. Each of these merchandises is made of assorted stuffs and therefore has assorted phases of life rhythm.There are three important methods to measure the environmental impact of a merchandise ( James 1997 ) . These are known as eco-point, eco-cost and eco-compass. In life rhythm environmental cost analysis ( LCECA ) , the eco costs are included into the entire cost of the merchandise.The LCA of a pressman has been outlined in figure ( 1 & A 2 ) get downing from its industry to the terminal of life. The life rhythm of the pressman defines the stuff and energy associated with the pressman over its life rhythm from the extraction, aggregation of the natural stuff at production site, production procedure, its usage, reuse, recycling or disposal at the terminal of life and its part in the planetary C pes print. In a existent sense, the LCA of pressman is an analysis of the stuff and energy flow till the terminal of merchandise life. The packaging and transportation of pressmans besides contribute to the C print and do a part in their life rhythm ( Hischier 2007 ) . The packaging consists on composition board box, poster board, and paper manual and polystyrene restraints ( PEPI 2008 ) . There may be strips of paper film editings as been used to procure pressman packaging in the yesteryear. Transportation and transit of pressman besides contribute in the C print of the planetary heatingFigure 1 LCAFigure 2 Printer Life Cycle stagesThe pressmans use paper, ink and electricity through out of their life rhythm. The cartridges consist on polythene Terephthalate ( PET ) glass filled polyester and electronics. Largely, LCA of a merchandise is focused to happen out impact on C pes printing ( Guinee 2001 ) . Harmonizing to a research conducted by HP on its inkjet pressman LCA, paper has a important part in carbon pes printing ( HP 2009 ) . Contribution to carbon pes printing is a planetary nomenclature to happen out environmental impact of a merchandise during its lifecycle ( Fussler 1996 ) . An stock list tabular array has been reprocessed by taking information from two resources ( See table 1for pressman and table 2 & A 3 for cartridge and packaging ) .ItemNoteMetallic elements ( Total )910Steel696Aluminum165Copper49Motor WindingPlastic ( Total )2179 utile1887Non-Recyclable292Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene163Hip1472Others plastics544Includes elastomers etcOthers Genera144Electronicss ( Total )507Including external overseas telegram and power supply.Printer Total3740Recyclable ( Total )2947Includes reclaimable metals, plastics, Cu etc. reusable ( % )79 %Table 1( Inventory tabular array reproduced by inf ormation sourced Jason et al 2005 William et Al 2002 )Ratio between reclaimable and non-recyclable stuff in an inkjet pressmanFigure 3 Comparison between reclaimable and non-recyclable stuffInventory tabular array reproduced by information sourced Jason et al 2005 William et Al 2002Cartridge MaterialItemMass ( gm )NotePlastics ( entire )20PET+ 15 % GF20Other PlasticsOther Generals ( entire )Electronicss4Ink21Black 21 g/Color 42 gCartridge Total45Table 2( Jason et al 2005 William et Al 2002 )Printer PackagingTable 3Printer PackagingItemMass ( gm )NotePolystyrene0.014Transporting restrainPolycarbonate0.015CadmiumPaperboard/Cardboard0.881Office paper0.107Manual etcPackaging ( Total )1.017Table 3 Jason et Al 2005 William et Al 2002 )

Tea and Social Class Boundaries in 19th Century England

Matthew Geronimo Professor Haydu SOCI 106 12 March 2013 Tea and Social Class Boundaries in nineteenth Century England How did afternoon tea leaftimetime leaf rituals, customs, and etiquette reinforce tender break up boundaries in 19th coke England? This question is relevant, in that it asks us to reflect on how unanalyzable commodities such as tea send word distinguish social battles among classes, both past and present it also on the wholeows us to ponder on how tea was popularized into the passing(a)-consumed beverage it is to this sidereal day with people of entirely class backgrounds. In her book A Necessary Luxury Tea in Victorian England (2008), Julie E.Fromer discusses how in 19th century England new identification categories and new hierarchies of status developed along lines stemming from aspiration habits, creating moral guidelines based on what and when and how one consumed the commodities of English culture, (Fromer, 6). After discussing whatsoever origins of certain tea rituals such as broken and proud tea, I will elaborate on how those rituals influenced and reinforce social boundaries between the lower and stop number classes further much, I will analyze how certain tea customs and etiquette shaped the pr roundice of tea-time between the lower and hurrying classes.There argon variations on the origin of the afternoon tea ritual. The complyed tea legend always attributes the invention of afternoon tea to Anna Maria, wife of the 7th Duke of Bedford, who wrote to her brother-in-law in a letter sent from Windsor fort in 1841 I forgot to name my old friend Prince Esterhazy who drank tea with me the other evening at 5 oclock, or rather was my guest amongst 8 ladies at the Castle, (Pettigrew, 102).While tea was already a luxurious beverage at the time, when to drink tea during the day became a national cultural custom. The Duchess is said to down experienced a sinking feeling in the middle of the afternoon, because of the long gap between luncheon and dinner and so asked her maid to bring her both the necessary tea things and something to eat probably the traditional bread and butter to her private room in influence that she might stave off her thirstiness pangs, (Pettigrew, 102).Upper-class citizens caught on with this trend, participating in a ritual that would define a nation. Upper-class families would participate in low tea at a well-grounded time of day between lunch and dinner. Manners of Modern Society, writ ecstasy in 1872, described the way in which afternoon tea had gradually blend an schematic event. Little Teas, it explained, take ready in the afternoon and were so-called because of the small amount of food served and the neatness and elegance of the meal, (Pettigrew, 104).Consuming food with tea during the day between meals might have speculated the English people for growing accustomed to eating too much during the day, but according to Marie Bayard in her Hints on Etiquette (1884 ), afternoon tea was not supposed to be a substantial meal, merely a light refreshment. She adds, Cakes, thin bread and butter, and hot buttered scones, muffins, or toast argon all the accompaniments austerely necessary. The upper classes during the 19th century were known more for inebriation more expensive and refined teas, such as those from China, Ceylon, or Assam.The wealthy and internal groups of 19th century England took pride in their customs with the custom of tea, they spared no expense in staying true to their idealize rituals. Low tea was a daily practice for the upper classes. Martha Chute created a series of watercolor moving pictures that portrayed daily emotional state at the Vyne in Hampshire in the mid-nineteenth century. This particular 1860 watercolor (Pettigrew, 99) depicts a dining room vagabond off prepared for breakfast with the tea urn in the middle of the table and the tea shapes laid out.The paintings setting takes place in a very upper class ro om with portraits of upper class citizens and scenery artwork hung all around the room. Published in 1807, doubting Thomas Rowlandsons Miseries Personal (Pettigrew, 65) illustrates powerful upper class men and women socializing while consuming tea to the extent that the men are all practically drunk because of drinking too much tea. From the illustration, the audience can reveal that these powerful men have no cares, worries, or concerns at all theyre not worried rough getting food on the table for their families.They are only concerned with having a good time with the somewhat disgusted women in the painting while they consume heavy amounts of tea, symbolizing their refinery and lavishly social class status. Published in 1824, Edward Villiers Rippingilles The Travellers Breakfast (Pettigrew, 77) illustrates members of the literary circle that idealized Sir Charles Elton, including Coleridge, randomnessey, and Dorothy and William Wordsworth, as they have breakfast in an inn, w ith the tea urn focused in the middle of the table. According to Mrs.Beeton in the 1879 edition of her retain of Household Management, At seat teas and Tea Receptions were large afternoon events for up to two hundred guests. Tea was laid out on a large table in the control of the drawing or dining room, and servants would be on hand to pour and hand round the cups of tea, sugar, cream or milk, cakes, and bread and butter, (Pettigrew, 107). Beeton reinforces the notion that these products were expected to be present at the tea table for afternoon tea with the upper classes. For the upper-classes, afternoon tea could be taken out to the garden.In an 1871 graphic artwork title Kettled funny in Knightsbridge, (Pettigrew, 106) the artist displays men, women, and a child socializing in a garden, with trees and flowers surrounding them, while they enjoy their afternoon tea. According to Pettigrew, the caption reads In this form of afternoon party, ladies and gentlemen can mingle . . . it is certainly much better to talk scandal in the garden than indoors, (Pettigrew, 107). From this context, Pettigrew hints that scandalous gossip was common in between people in the upper classes during afternoon tea, and that it was better to gossip outdoors rather than indoors.While the etiquette and customs of low tea can be reflected in the mannerisms of upper class breakfast with tea, In 1884, Marie Bayard advised in Hints on Etiquette that the proper time . . . is from four to seven, whereas others advised familiarly five, or referred to small 5 oclock teas, (Pettigrew, 108). Staying true to the specific hours with afternoon tea was significant to the upper classes in order to preserve the expectations that came with afternoon low tea. Guests were not expected to stay for the entire time that tea was going on, but to come and go as they pleased during the allotted hours.Most stayed half an hour or an hour but should on no account stay later than seven oclock, (Pettigrew, 1 08). The relationships between upper-class families and servants were distinguished with tea. Families who utilize servants very often took high tea on Sunday in order to allow the maids and butler time to go to church and not worry about cooking an evening meal for the family, (Pettigrew, 112). Tea was so relevant during the 19th century that Pettigrew notes how upper-class families would rarely take a break from it.On Sun long time, kinda of eliminating tea from the day entirely, upper-class families would substitute their afternoon tea for high tea, which included heavier foods to replace dinner, all for the sake of allowing their maids and servants go to church. Servants of the Queen reference her impulse of tea in the 19th century as well. In London, Queen Victoria introduced afternoon receptions at Buckingham Palace in 1865 and garden parties, known as breakfasts in 1868, (Pettigrew, 115). One of Her majestys Servants is quoted in The Private Life of the Queen (1897), Her Majesty has a strong weakness for afternoon tea. From her proterozoic days in Scotland, when Brown and the other gillies used to boil the kettle in a sheltered corner of the moors while Her Majesty and the young Princesses sketched, the refreshing cup of tea has ever ranked high in the Royal favour. Various forms of artwork captured the ritual of tea-time during 19th century England.A photograph from the 1880s presents a transcend black-and-white image of what tea time looked like for the wealthy in this particular case, for the Prince and Princess of Wales as they socialize with the Rothschild family at Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire, (Pettigrew, 114). In the photo, we see a garden tea party taking place, both men and women well-dressed, all sitting down in a straight posture unpack for the single servant, the tea table set with the tea urn in the middle, a tent set up, and even an umbrella placed at an angle to stop any(prenominal) discomfort from the sun.While consumin g tea was popular in the 19th century, the art and strategy of selling it as a valuable commodity grew in trend. Advertisements in the 19th century for tea advocated certain product brands, claiming that that specific brand was better than the rest, even hinting that they were a brand for more sophisticated, upper-class tea imbibers. An advertisement for Lipton, Tea, Coffee and Provision Dealer (Fromer, 84) attempts to differentiate regular tea drinkers from Lipton tea drinkers On the left, an illustration depicts two women smiling as they drink their tea.Their features are smooth and regular, their cheeks are pleasingly plump, and they wear bonnets everywhere their fashionably curled hair. Their dresses indicate their middle-class wealth and fashion sense they wear modest, high-necked gowns without waste frills or ornaments, however the designs of their dresses reveal up-to-date fashion, with curving bodices, bustles, and narrow waists, (Fromer, 83). In the advertisement, the c hoice to drink other tea besides the Lipton brand is reflected on their mis-shaped bodies, forgetful etiquette, and disappointing manner. Tea and its consumption reinforced social class boundaries in 19th century England.In Mary Gaskells North and South (1855), tea consumption serves as a statement of peoples social class and their standards. Throughout the changes in the Hales financial and social status throughout the fable, their tea drinking continues unabated, and despite the economies that they are forced to observe after Mr. Hale gives up his living, they never mention giving up tea, (Fromer, 132). Fromer comments on Gaskells North and South (1855), strike offing how tea for upper-class citizens, such as the Hales, it too valuable in social status worth to sacrifice.Fromer continues their the Hales indistinguishability within the industrial townsfolk of Milton derives from their consumption patterns, their participation in the market economy of the city, the amount of mo ney they have to spend, and the ways in which they spend it. Mr. Hale is caught off guard and is petrified by Margarets story of a pulverisation worker who has come to join them for tea. Margaret Told the story completely and her father was rather taken aback by the idea of the drunken weaver awaiting him in his quiet study, with whom he was expected to drink tea, (Gaskell, 285). Oh dear A drunken infidel weaver said Mr.Hale to himself, in dismay, (Gaskell, 286). Mr. Hale cannot supervise the idea of having a low-class worker in his laissez passerquarters, participating in his familys afternoon tea. The very thought of it is inconceivable to him, especially seeing how Margaret invited the mill worker for tea. The operative class was distinguished by having less etiquette and being not nearly as strict with their tea rituals as the middle and upper classes. Tea for the poor was muted cherished, was still valuable, but as far as how refined they could be, based on their socia l class status alone, they eer went through hard times on a daily basis. During the workings day farm workers and labourers generally drank beer, but in the 19th century, in that location was a drastic shift from beer being the common beverage workers drank throughout the day to tea. All around the country, workers refreshed themselves with hot or cold tea in factories, mines, offices and farmers fields, on railways, roads and fishing boats. Tea had become the best drink of the day, (Pettigrew, 125). The poor and working class participated mostly in high tea, which was substituted for dinner. Meals throughout the day for the working class included tea. The first National Food Inquiry of 1863 discovered that little had changed for the working classes since the late eighteenth century and that farm labourers and home workers, such as silk weavers, needlewomen, glover makers and shoemakers, throughout Britain, started the day with a meager meal of milk or water gruel or porridge, b read and butter, and tea, (Pettigrew, 98). Every day was a struggle for the lower classes. Many working class families started each day still hungry. They would be sent off in the morning after a meager breakfast of potatoes and tea to walk several miles to their place of work.Lunch was dry bread with perhaps a little cheese in good times, and more potatoes and tea at home in the evening, (Pettigrew, 124). While daily meal intakes were simply meant to fuel laborers to get through the day, tea was always considered a luxury, something that still connected them to the upper classes, regardless of how less refined their etiquette was. Dickenss stories are full of poor families, young apprentices, social outcasts, and those who survived from hand to mouth, just about coping in very mean lodgings that contrast markedly with the sumptuous breakfast tables of the upper and middle classes, (Pettigrew, 99).In Elizabeth Gaskells novel Mary Barton (1848), Gaskell conveys the thought-processing that went into leaning what was needed for working-class meals and the importance of tea Run, Mary dear, first round the corner, and get some fresh eggs at Tippings . . . and see if he has any nice ham cut that he would let us have a pound of . . . and Mary, you must get a pennyworth of milk and a loaf of bread mind you get it fresh and new thats all, Mary. No, its not all said her husband. Though must get sixpennyworth of rum to warm the tea . . . A watercolor painting by Thomas Unwins (1782-1857) titled Living off the Fat of the Land, a Country Feast (Pettigrew, 111) illustrates high tea in a country cottage, with what is depicted as a lower class family eating hams, cheeses, and baked bread while drinking tea. The painting portrays many people filled in a small cottage having high tea in replacement of dinner, with children playing on the floor, vegetables fallen from a sack lying on the floor, cats and dogs sleeping and jumping around, a man sneezing close to the ham, a wom an drinking her tea out of a saucer while tending to a child, etc. the whole illustration is a mess. While refined tea was mainly consumed by the upper classes, the working class still treasured tea as a luxury, its value and worth could be tasted even with just a little bit of sugar. In 1853, the Edinburgh Review wrote By her fireside, in her humble cottage, the lonely widow sits the kettle simmers over the ruddy embers, and the blackened tea-pot on the hot brick prepares her evening drink.Her crust is scanty, yet as she sips the warm beverage little sweetened, it may be, with the produce of the sugar-cane genial thoughts awaken in her mind her cottage grows less dark and lonely, and comfort seems to gratify the ill-furnished cabin, (Pettigrew, 111). In an 1878 photo of a poor Victorian household during tea time (Pettigrew, 104), the audience can make out the small room in which they are all in, laundry drying on a clothesline, with some of the children not even being able to si t at the table, just sitting on a bench close to it against the wall.This photo demonstrates the difference in tea etiquette between the upper and lower classes, especially with what looks like the eldest daughter compassionate for the youngest infant on her lap at the table, this being unlikely at an upper-class tea table. Tea was just as imperative as a daily commodity as it was to the upper classes. The poor household, therefore, represented a scaled-down version of the middle-class home, suggesting that nineteenth-century histories of tea portray class as a theme of degree rather than kind.Working-class families aspired to the aforementioned(prenominal) values as the middle classes, responding to their smaller incomes by taking further measures of economy but not by sacrificing the consumer commodities that had become necessary to English everyday life, (Fromer, 79). Tea served as a revitalizing commodity for all, even the elderly. According to Day from the Edinburgh Review i n Tea Its arcanum and History (1878), It is not surprising that the aged female whose earnings are barely sufficient to buy what are called the common necessaries of life, should yet spare a portion of her small gains in procuring the grateful indulgence.She can sustain her strength with less common food when she takes her Tea along with it while she, at the same time, feels lighter in spirits, more cheerful, and fitter for this dull work of life, because of this little indulgence, (Day, 75-76). While the wealthy upper classes had standards and expectations with their consumption of tea, the lower classes, even the poor elderly, perceived tea as a commodious luxury of worth that altered their everyday behavior. Tea affected her (the poor aged females) demeanor, her manner, and her cheer, enabling her to accept her burden and work harder, being fitter for the dull work life, (Fromer, 83).Tea time for the working class wasnt meant to be a socializing event, nor was it a strict ritual . Tea drinking, according to nineteenth-century ads and histories of tea, replaced the vices that were typically found among the humbler classes, including alcoholism, violence, and a lack of attention to domestic arrangements, with the values of domestic economy, respectability, good taste, thrift, and an appreciation for high-quality consumer luxuries associated with more-fortunate, middle-class economic circumstances, (Fromer, 87).Within Gaskells North and South, we get glimpses of Margaret Hales life as a younger girl. She remembered the dark, dim look of the London nursery. . . . She recollected the first tea up there separate from her father and aunt, who were dining somewhere down below an infinite depth of stairs . . . At home before she came to live in Harley bridle-path her mothers dressing-room had been her nursery and, as they had her meals with her father and mother, (Gaskell, 38).Gaskell emphasizes the difference in settings in Margaret Hales life, contrasting the less refined and luxurious life she had before she came to live in Harley Street, to her now higher social status in Harley Street. Gaskell hints this with how tea was consumed between the two settings. More than simply differentiating the social boundaries created by tea through certain tea rituals, the etiquette of tea drinking of both the lower and upper classes reinforced these social class boundaries in 19th century England.English upper class etiquette did not just distinguish them from the poor, but also from other countries as well. A cartoon published in 1825 (Pettigrew, 84) points out the difference in manners and etiquette between the English and the French. The cartoon refers to the English custom of placing a spoon across or inside the teacup to express that the drinker does not need a refill, though the audience can see that the English characters in the cartoon have been refilling the Frenchmans teacup binary times in a humorous manner. Certain rules and expectations went into tea-time with the upper classes. Invitations to tea were issued verbally or by a small informal note or card, (Pettigrew, 108). Many aspects and variations went into tea etiquette that defined the upper classes. For how to receive guests into ones home, the Lady at Home and Abroad (1898) explains that for small tea gatherings the hostess receives her friends in the drawing room as on any other afternoon . . . but when it is a case of a regular afternoon entertainment, she stands at the head of the staircase and receives as she would at a ball or a wedding reception. Like Gaskells North and South, novels such as Emily Brontes Wuthering heights (1847) capture the norms and etiquette that come with upper class tea time and how those norms are broken and revealed through character reactions. Within Wuthering Heights, tea creates boundaries between characters, rather than erasing them. The rituals of the tea table cause Lockwood (and readers of the novel, to an extent) to fee l isolated, unwanted, and threatened, rather than welcomed in and nourished as guests and as intimates, (Fromer, 152-153).In a scene from Brontes Wuthering Heights, the character named Lockwood, an upper-class male, seeks refuge from an early snowstorm in Wuthering Heights. Young Catherine hesitatingly admits Lockwood into Wuthering Heights and he accepts it as an ideal setting for tea. While Catherine attempts to attain a canister of tea leaves roughly out of reach, Lockwood makes a motion to aid her (Bronte, 16), but she responds, I wont want your help . . . I can get them for myself. Bronte continues with Lockwoods account I beg your pardon, I hastened to reply. Were you asked to tea? she demanded, tying an apron over her neat black frock, and standing with a spoonful of the leaf poised over the pot. I shall be glad to have a cup, I answered. Were you asked? she repeated. No, I said, half smiling. You are the proper person to ask me. She flung the tea back, spoon and all an d resumed her chair in a pet, her forehead corrugated, and her red underlip pushed out, like a childs, ready to cry, (Bronte, 16-17). Bronte uses this scene to underscore a significant aspect of upper-class tea tiquette again, Invitations to tea were issued verbally or by a small informal note or card, (Pettigrew, 108). While to present day audiences of Wuthering Heights, Catherines behavior may have seemed rude, to Brontes audience in the 19th century, Catherines response to Lockwood probably seemed understandable because according to upper-class tea etiquette, in order to engage and participate in tea-time with someone, he or she needs to be invited first. In another scene from Wuthering Heights, Catherine plays hostess during tea-time with characters Edgar and Heathcliff at Wuthering Heights. The meal hardly endured ten minutes. Catherines cup was never filled she could neither eat nor drink. Edgar had made a slop in his saucer, and scarcely swallowed a mouthful, (Bronte, 97-98). Here the audience can see the difference in etiquette between the higher and lower classes, even if the difference in class is not too vast. Edgars slop in his saucer signals his unsteady hand (Fromer, 162). This moment of tea, which is supposed to bring people together and erase boundaries, instead emphasizes those boundaries and signals the end of peace and familial happiness, (Fromer, 162-163).Again, Bronte distinguishes the class differences reinforced through the tea ritual and form of etiquette. Like Brontes Wuthering Heights (1847), 19th century novels such as Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland (1865) delineates social class boundaries reinforced by tea etiquette. The story of Alice adventuring into Wonderland is a reflection of facing elements people are not used to for Alice, what she believed was her forte was etiquette. Carroll thus plays on the idea of expectations he assumes that we as readers, like Alice, have certain expectations of what a tea party offer s, and he continually frustrates those expectations through his depiction of A harebrained Tea Party, (Fromer, 169). During the infamous feisty Tea Party scene, Alice attends the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the mouse at their tea party. Alice expects to be welcomed at the tea table, seeing how the table was a large one, but the three were all crowded together at one corner of it . . . (Carroll, 60).But as she approached the table, the Hare and the Mad Hatter cried out, No room No room (Carroll, 60). some(prenominal) audiences of the 19th century and present day may have found the hosts to be incredibly rude give tongue to that there is no room while there obviously was, but, again, we must remember principle etiquette that guests must be invited to tea. Both Brontes Lockwood and Carrolls Alice encounter tea setting and expect to be invited therefore, they approach the hosts and proceed to the tables, yet both characters are actually unwanted from both hosts in each novel. Lockwood and Alice are characterized as being of middle or upper class in their own storylines and they both invite themselves to these tea tables where they were never originally invited to and when they are confronted about it, they both are shocked. At any rate Ill never go there again . . . Its the stupidest tea-party I ever was at in all my life, (Carroll, 68). Carroll reinforces Alices stubbornness an inability to realize that she was the one who misused the etiquette and customs of tea time by inviting herself to tea instead of waiting for an invitation from the Mad Hatter and the March Hare.The exchange between Alice and the Mad Hatter and March Hare exceeds levels of rudeness that audiences of both 19th century and present-day England would be shock by. I dont think then the Hatter cuts her off, Then you shouldnt talk. This piece of rudeness was more than Alice could bear she got up in great disgust, and walked off the Dormouse fell asleep instantly, and neither of the others took the least notice of her going, though she looked back once or twice, half hoping that they would call after her, (Carroll, 67).While Alice storms off accept that the Mad Hatter and March Hare are in the wrong, Carrolls use of depicting Alice looking back conveys that in her heart, perhaps Alice knew that she was the one who violate the proper mannerisms and etiquette of tea time. From Fromers perspective, After feeling adrift and confused during her travels through Wonderland, Alice has finally stumbled upon a setting where she feels at home and thinks that she knows what to expect and how to act at the tea table . . .She expects the boundaries that so clearly separate her from all of the other characters she has met to finally be overcome, so that she can feel welcomed and nourished as an intimate guest rather than an unexpected and unwelcome intruder, (Fromer, 170-171). Tea rituals, customs, and etiquette distinguish people from one another, they sort them into group s labeled either poor or wealthy. teatime functions, in countless novels, as a moment of highlighting the boundaries between self and other, inside and outside, day and night boundaries both within outside of the intimate realm . . Part of what makes this particular tea party mad is the fact that it violates the boundaries of time just as much as it destroys expectation of hospitality and civility, (Fromer, 172). Both Alice and Brontes Lockwood assume that simply by being part of the upper classes of society that they are entitled to respect from others but as Gaskells and Carrolls audiences have realized, having respect for others defines social status and influences social mannerisms and proper etiquette. Within Gaskells North and South (1854-55), the image of the tea table functions as a crystallization of English national identity operator and the various social classes that make up that national sense of self, (Fromer, 129). Fromer analyzes North and South as a novel that di stinguishes the different social classes in 19th century England and how their social statuses are formed and reinforced by through tea rituals and etiquette.Furthermore, based on move cultural expectations of the social manners and consumption rituals performed during teatime, the English ideal of the tea table served as shared experience upon which to base ones identity and to gauge the social status of others, (Fromer, 129). Tea, as a fluid constant in English culture, with its accompanying social rituals, was flexible enough to accommodate and to mark subtle differences in social status, to mediate these differences between groups within the English nation, (Fromer, 12).Members of both the lower and upper classes participated in tea rituals depending on their social class statuses, they were more than likely to participate in one or the other. Quite simply, the middle and upper-class members of societies engaged in afternoon low tea the mass of the time because of its origin to English royalty and the purpose to keep hunger away between noon and dinner meals. On the other end, the poor and working class members of society engaged in high tea, combining their dinner meal with tea in order to alleviate the time and costs of tea time in the middle of the afternoon.The working class did not concern themselves with strict and traditional customs and etiquette like the middle and upper classes did. They participated in high tea for the practical purpose of fighting off hunger while retaining a sense of dignity and luxury with the value and worth of tea. As put by Fromer (11) Nineteenth century representations of tea highlight the role of the tea table in forging a unified English national identity out of disparate social groups, economic classes, and genders separated by ideologically distinct spheres of daily life. Bibliography Bayard, Marie. Hints on Etiquette. Edited by Marie Bayard. London Weldon & Company, 1884. Beeton, Mrs. Mrs. Beetons Book of Househo ld Management. Edited by Nicola Humble. Abridged version of 1861 edition. NewYork Oxford University Press, 2000. Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. New York. Penguin Books, 1993. Carroll, Lewis. Alices Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. New York Oxford University Press, 1982. Day, Samuel Phillips.Tea Its Mystery and History. London Digital text Publishing Company, 2010. Fromer, Julie E. A Necessary Luxury Tea in Victorian England. Athens Ohio University Press, 2008. Gaskell, Elizabeth. Mary Barton & North and South. Edited by Edgar Wright. New York Oxford University Press, 1987. One of Her Majestys Servants. The Private Life of the Queen. Edited by Emily Sheffield. Gresham Books, 1979. Pettigrew, Jane. A Social History of Tea. London National Trust Enterprises, 2001.

English Isu Comparison Essay Essay

When writing literary works most, authors will agree that it is difficult to write a story without two inspiration. The writers will often leave rough motive, either from past experiences or something that suffer inspire an idea for a novel. Although the novel can be fictitious it can still change how nightclub feels about a certain issue. The two novels All calm on the Western preceding by Erich Maria Remarque and Slaughterhouse 5 by Kurt Vonnegut romanticizes what strugglef ar is wish well, emphasizing ideas such as idealisation, horror, honor, patriotic duty, and adventure.The similarities include both(prenominal) authors have their impression that the absurdity of war is morally wrong, how soldiers act as toys in the sandbox being played with higher authorities. Both novels feature the society of young men to be controlled and sent to their demise with little hope. The differences between the two novels is that both novels feature a different approach on how the nov el flows. Vonnegut moves the story in humorous manner whereas Remarque tells it in a serious manner. The obvious affinity when exploring the two novels is the aspect that they are antiwar novels.In Slaughterhouse 5, Vonnegut is trying to express his point of view, or sway the readers to understand the negative properties of war since the firebombing of the German townsfolk Dresden during World War II. The protagonist nightstick Pilgrim is the antiwar hero because he does not fit the description of the usual war hero. He didnt look like a soldier at all. He looked like a filthy flamingo (Vonnegut, 33) truncheons character is a customary figure of fun in the American Army. Billy is no exception. He is indexless to harm the enemy or to help his friends.He wears no medals, his corporeal appearance and build is a mockery and his faith in loving Jesus troubles most soldiers. (Lichtenstein) Vonnegut realizes that war is inevit satisfactory, its like death. Even if Billy were to train hard, wear the proper uniform, and be a good soldier he might still die like the rest of the others in Dresden. Billy lives in a look with indignity and is not afraid of death, and in accordance to the Traflamadorian philosophy of accepting death. By uttering the phrase so it goes the narrator points out the meaningless slaughter after every death, no matter how ironic, sarcastic or random.On the eighth solar day, the hobo died. So it goes. His last words were, You think this is bad? This aint bad. (Vonnegut 79) But the candles and ooze were made from the fat of rendered Jews and Gypsies and fairies and communist and other enemies of the state. So it goes (Vonnegut, 96) Billy always conform tos death coming, but nothing he can do about it. In chapter 10, at the end of novel Vonnegut shows the reader how in that respect is nothing adroit to say after the massacre of Dresden, Billy and the rest wandered out onto the shady street.The trees were peruse out. There was nothing go ing on out there, no traffic of some(prenominal) kind. There was altogether one vehicle, an abandoned wagon drawn by two horses. The wagon was green and coffin-shaped. Birds were talking. One bird say to Billy Pilgrim, Poo-tee-weet? (Vonnegut, 215) It is obvious when everyone is dead it is suppose to be quiet, but the bird who says Poot-tee-weet? symbolizes the lack of anything intelligent to say about war. It is the only appropriate thing to say, since no words can describe the horror on the firebombing of Dresden.Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front presents its reader with the harsh reality of war. The novel sets out to portray war and the actual experiences, replacing the romantic picture of nimbus cloud and heroism with a decidedly unromantic vision of terror, vanity, and slaughter. The novel takes turn up during World War I and in the perspective of a German soldier, capital of Minnesota Baumer the protagonist. Stylistically the novel consists of short c hapters that symbolize the quick pace of death in the novel. For example in chapter one Remarque already introduces the pain and agony of passing play in friendship.(Ward) For example in chapter one, Kimmerich being one of the four friends of capital of Minnesota dies while being brought tolerate from the trenches. (Remarque) Remarque smashes any positive thoughts the reader may have about warfare in his descriptions, It is impossible to grasp the fact that there are tender-hearted faces above these torn bodies, faces in which disembodied spirit goes on from day to day and on top of it all, this is just one single military hospital, just one there are hundreds of thousands of them in Germany, France, and Russia.How pointless all human thoughts, words and deeds must be, if things like this are possible Everything must have been fraudulent and pointless if thousands of years of civilization werent even able to prevent the river of blood. Only a military hospital can show you what war really is (Remarque, 186) It seems that the impression of war is not honor or glory yet it is suffering of those who are participating. Because All Quiet on the Western Front is set among soldiers fighting on the scarer, one of its main focuses is the damaging order that war has on the soldiers who fight it.How ones thoughts on the war can ruin the past experiences with a harsh focus on the physical and mental damage done. The men in the novel are constantly subjective to physical danger. Literally the soldiers can be blown to pieces at any time. This threat causes damage done to the brain and triggering a mental picture, forcing soldiers to experience fear during every moment of their time on the front. We became tough, suspicious, hard-hearted, vengeful and rough, if they had sent us out into the trenches without this kind of training he probably most of us would have gone mad(Remarque, 19) Likewise in Slaughterhouse 5 Billy Pilgrim didnt receive the proper training that dr iven him into the peak of insanity. And the only way to survive for both Billy and Paul is to disconnect themselves from their feelings, and accept the conditions of their life. We necessity to live at any price so we cannot burden ourselves with feelings which, though they may be ornamental enough in peacetime, would be out of place here. (Remarque, 123) In Billys case he uses the illusion of time travel to escape his thoughts in the Slaughterhouse 5.Additionally to the similarities of both novels being antiwar novels, there is an idea that the authors highlight the generation of young men being drafted to the war. Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front gives emphasis on the contingent affect war has on the young men who have not been given the chance to experience life. Pauls character represents the young generation of men who went straight from childhood into World War I. Paul describes his fellow soldiers he, Leer, Muller, and Kropp are all 19 years old.They are from the s ame school, same classes, and apiece enlisted into the army voluntary. (Remarque) They are from one of the newly raise regiments, almost exclusively young men from the latest age group to be drafted. Theyve had hardly any training, nothing more than a bit of theory. (Remarque, 93) The war changes Pauls attitude about the world and about humanity. He believes the war becomes not except a traumatic experience or a hardship to be endured but something that actually transforms the essence of human existence into endless suffering.(Ward) The longer that Paul survives the war, the more that he hates it, the less certain that life will be better for him after it ends. (Ward) The war teaches the generation of young men the effects of nationalism and political power. Tools used to control the nations population. Forcing them to believe in what is right. Throughout Pauls experience he realizes that the soldiers that fight on the front are not fighting for the nation but fighting for their own survival, to kill or be killed. Additionally, Paul and his friends do not consider the opposing part to be their real enemies,I didnt want to kill you, mate. If you were to jump in here again, I wouldnt do it But earlier on you were just an idea to me, a concept in my mind that called up an automatic response it was that concept that I stabbed. It is only now that I can see that you are a human being like me. I just thought about your hand-grenades, your bayonet and your weapons now I can see you wife, and your face, and what we have in common. Forgive me comrade, how can you be my enemy? If we threw these uniforms and weapons away you could be just as much my brother as Kat and Albert. (Remarque, 158)In his view, the real enemies are the men in power in their own nation, who they believe have sacrifice them to the war simply to increase their own power and glory. At the end of the novel, almost every major character is dead, epitomizing the wars devastating effect on the g eneration of young men who is get to fight in it. Slaughterhouse 5 also portrays an excellent example of young men going to war leaving back a life behind to glorify the nations well being. Billy Pilgrim is only 20 years old when he enters the war. During his post war life he attended night sessions at the Ilium School of Optometry.(Vonnegut) As he progresses throughout the events he encounters other soldiers who are similar in age. Roland Weary was only eighteen, was at the end of an unhappy childhood (Vonnegut, 35) Two of the Germans were boys in their early teens (Vonnegut, 52) The differences seen in the two novels is that Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front moves in a very serious and descriptive way. Unlike Vonneguts Slaughterhouse 5 Remarque illustrates every death with use of carnage and gore. Every battle background features brutal violence and bloody descriptions of death,We see men go on living with the top of their skulls wanting we see soldiers go on running whe n both their feet have been shot awaythey stumble on their splintering a full half-mile on his hands, dragging his legs behind him, with both knees shattered. We see soldiers with their mouths missing, their lower jaws missing, with their faces missing we find someone who has gripped the main artery in his arm between his teeth for two hours so that he doesnt bleed to death. The sun goes down, night falls, the shells whistle, life comes to an end (Remarque, 97)Hospital scenes portray men with serious wounds that go untreated because of insufficient medical supplies. Paul carries the wounded Kat on his back to safety, only to discover that Kats head was hit by a piece of shrapnel while Paul was carrying him. The descriptions of rat-infestation, starvation, weather conditions, and trench warfare, and how it forces the soldiers to live in these upset conditions. (Remarque) Remarques novel dramatizes aspects of World War I and how the evolution of technology (trenches, artillery, chlori ne gas) was a major influence that made killing easier. endless fire, defensive fire, curtain fire, trench mortars, gas, tanks, machine guns, hand-grenades words, words, but they embrace all the horrors of the world. (Remarque, 68) Vonneguts Slaughterhouse 5 moves the story in a science fictionalization process filled with humour and irony. First of all the idea of Billy being unstuck in time, Billy travels randomly through the moments of his life without control over his chronological destination. (Lichtenstein) Time travel leads to instability in the novel, as Billy is trying to make sense in his life bragging(a) an experience that no one can understand how Billy really feels.He time travels in order to cope with his life and all he has been through. In chapter two, Vonnegut immediately tells the beginning, middle, and ending of the story right away. Vonnegut enchants the theme of novel by adding Tralfamadorians (Vonneguts humor of toilet-plunger shaped Aliens) and how they ab ducted Billy into their spaceship and teaching Billy the philosophy of time and death and discussing whether free will exist. (Vonnegut) Witty humour and irony is a factor in the course of the novel, for instance,Weary socked Billy a good one on the side of his jaw, knocked Billy away from the bank and onto the snow covered ice of the creek. You shouldnt even be in the Army, said Weary. Billy was making involuntarily making convulsive sounds that were a lot like laughter. You think its funny, huh? But then Weary saw that he had an audience. Five German soldiers and a police dog on a lash were looking down into the bed of the creek. The soldiers blue eyes filled with a bleary civilian curiosity as to why one American would try to murder another American, and why the victim should laugh (Vonnegut, 51)Ironically, of the four cowcatcher soldiers, Billy is the only one who remains alive, yet he is the most unlikely one to do so. In conclusion, in spite of the differences between Remarq ues All Quiet on the Western Front and Vonneguts Slaughterhouse 5 both novels convey the same message Whether the readers view Slaughterhouse-Five as a science-fiction novel or a autobiographical statement, and All Quiet on the Western Front the reader cannot ignore the destructive properties of war, since the catastrophic firebombing of the German town of Dresden during World War II or the horrendous acts of World War I including trench warfare.Both novels suggest the same conclusion about war and how it ends quiet. By emphasizing the bird that whispered Poot-tee-weet towards Billy. Or the death of Paul Baumers Nothing new to report on the western front (Remarque, 207)

Salsa Music and New York

This is in all likelihood because of the zesty taste of the condiment that can be found in the tunes and moves of the medicinal drug, but the familiarity does not end there. well(p) like salsa (the condiment) is made from various vegetables, so is the music a mixture of many different kinds of Latin dance forms (such(prenominal) as rhumba, mambo, and chacha), other Puerto-Rican, Dominican, and Afro-Cuban music strains, Jazz, and rock music.The ain instruments used in salsa include percussions, keyboards, brass, and guitars. almost of the time, salsa music is also accompanied by dance. Salsa was made popular in the 1970s mostly by clubs in New York. Later on, in the 1980s, this style of music also became popular in areas such as Miami, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and Columbia. (The Columbia Encyclopedia 2007). Since then, salsa has evolved vigorously through the years and has emerged as a very world-shattering and dynamic component of popular music scene, especially for the social id entity of the Latinos.The music that came to be called salsa certain out of Cuban dance genres, specially the son, guararba, and rumba, that had evolved into a cohesive set of mercenary popular styles by the 1920s. By the 1940s, these genres, promoted primarily by RCA Victor (which monopolized the record industry in Cuba), enjoyed considerable international appeal, and Latino communities outside of Cuba had come to play an important role in the evolution of Cuban music.Puerto Ricans, who had eagerly espouse Cuban music for decades (especially since the introduction of radio in 1922), had come to regard such genres as their own, loosely at the expense of indigenous genres like plena and bomba. Meanwhile, since the 1920s, New York City had become the scene of a agile blending and competition of diverse grass-roots and commercialized Latin American music.Together with Puerto Rican bandleaders like Tito Puente and Tito Rodriguez, many Cuban musicians had ground themselves in New Y ork City, which they established as a center for the music that would eventually be label salsa by the record industry (Manuel 1991). The growth of salsa as a vehicle of social identity was inherent from its development as a commercial entity. Indeed, the more salsa flourished, the more it as subject to the pressures of the corporate music industry.Some of these pressures, toward standardization, stylistic conservatism, and absence of sociopolitical content, operated in direct opposition to the grass-roots guarantee to use the genre as an contemplation of barrio identity. Thus, the development of salsa can be seen as an ongoing dialectic between, on the one hand, the Latino communitys attempt to shape salsa as its own sub cultural expression and, on the other hand, the tendency of the commercial music industry to glamorize, decontextualize, and depoliticize the music as a bland and innocuous dance music,

Republic Day

Dear brothers and sisters, India celebrates our 63nd commonwealth twenty-four hourstimelight which is angiotensin-converting enzyme of three bailiwick solar daylights in India. Commonly 63rd awkward Day is a reality holiday in most of the countries to honor the day on which the land first became re semipublics. In such some be Commonwealth countries, the British s altogether overeign was ruling the state until the change of status. even out though India obtained freedom on August 15, 1947, Indian Constitution implemented and came into effect only on January 26, 1950. King George VI, the last and only King of the modern India, was leading our state during the evolution period from 1947 to 1950. passe-p maneuverout Mountbatten and C. Rajagopalachari were serving as the Governors-General of India at that time. Afterwards Raj nullifyra Prasad was elected as the first president of India on January 26, 1950. With this the sevens officially approved the Constitution of India and decl bed itself as a commonwealth on January 26, 1950, a project t here(predicate) by and by celebrated every grade as Republic Day in India. The Constitution had been active by the Constituent Assembly establish upon India is becoming the liberal from the British rulers in 1947. So we tail consider 26th of January was initially Indias Independence Day.As everybody know Mahatma Gandhi, the father of nation, had taken a lot of efforts to get freedom for India by many symbolic acts during Indias Freedom Struggle against the British colonial rule. Acceptation of the Constitution on January 26, had given an extra strength to Country that has obtained liberty from the British Raj on August 15, 1947. There are two other annual internal holidays in India apart from Republic day. One is Independence Day on August 15, 1947 and other one is birthday of Mohandas K Gandhi or Mahatma Gandhi on October 2. Lets talk much or less India Republic Day celebration official celebration in newfound Delhi. According to he Republic Day celebration on January 26th every well-disposed class a exalted parade is held in brisk Delhi, the Capital of India, beginning from Raisina Hill near the prexyial castling Rashtrapati Bhavan, along the Rajpath, late(prenominal) India Gate and on to the historic Red Fort in the heart of the urban center to honor this occasion. Defence forces of state, Indian Army force, the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force performs the past in parade with their ceremonial dress and official decorations on this auspicious occasion of Republic Day. The President of India, who is alike the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the appeal from the parade.There entrust be an invited Head of State of another nation as Chief Guest of the parade which is the highlights of Republic Day celebrations. The Republic day parade overly involves many customary dance groups, to signify the ethnical legacy of India. At the end of parade A ir Force jets perform a colourful flypast by in a tiranga formation which is adventurous and eye-catching at a time. Similar celebrations with such parades are held in the capitals of all the states of India on the Republic day. The Governor of the each state takes the salute in their individual celebrations.More over all official government offices lead in any case celebrate this national day which is in addition considered as peoples day. At the beginning of parade on Republic day, the Prime miniskirtster of India wears a wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate, honoring all the jawans who missed their worth lives for the agricultural in the war. then he address the public and give Republic day message in his Republic day speech. Next to this the President comes in his motorcade with the escorts of his bodyguards. Foreign Head of State who is the Chief Guest at the celebration allow follow the President in the Republic day Parade.Once finish this salutation, a 21 gun salute is presented, the President unfurls the guinea pig Flag and the bailiwick Anthem is performed. This regards the beginning of the parade. The Republic day Parade commences with winners of bravery cedes passing the President in open jeeps. Then all of the Armed Forces of India divisions salute the President of India. The Republic parade in like manner sees the Indian Military exhibiting its latest acquirements such as tanks, missiles, radars, and so on There are excessively considerable parades from the various departments Police contingents, Home guards , Civil Defence and the field of studyCadet Corps. A colorful cultural parade will follow the military parade. In this cultural parade Indias wealthy cultural tradition is displayed with tableaux from various states. Each state represents its distinctive festivals, historical locations and art forms. The next will be the ride past of children, who turn out won national bravery award winners at last category, on eleph ants. School-children from all over the country in like manner take part in the parade on the republic Day. The most adventurous item is the next one, displays of skillful motor-cycle riding, usually by Armed Forces.Following this the fly past of Indian Air Force salutes the president symbolically by fight planes. The republic Day celebration will not be end in one day. The official closing ceremony of Republic Day festivities will be held on the third day evening of January 29 by and by Republic Day. This is renowned as Beating the Retreat. On this occasion of this Republic Day we should stick with our own pledge for our Bharatha Matha to save the country and ourselves. The Republic day pledge should be against terrorism and corruption and we should stand for honesty which is taught by Mahatma Ghandi, father of the country.Also our leaders must be corruption free and alert to threats those we are facing from the countries wish well Pakistan, China and US. Unlike the US, Pakistan and China confine been aggressive ups and downs in Indias relationship with them. Therefore Leaders in Indian Government must seek with effective discussions to eliminate the issues which are threatening India recently. India should not come again in the situation like attacks to Mumbai, Indian most commercial metropolis. Lets dream and hope for corruption free and other threats free quiet India in upcoming course of instructions and contribute from our side.Republic DayNo Hindu, No Muslim, No Christian, We are just Indian. Respected judges, respected teachers and dear audience. Today we gather here to celebrate one of the bailiwick festivals of India, it is Republic day. It is a great opportunities for me, as you allowed me to share few words on this occasion. On this day, it was January 26, 1950 we declare our country as a Republic country by adopting our own constitution.Actually, the preparation of our constitution was over earlier than this date but we choose January 26 for this, because this date has its own significance earlier than this day. It was January 26, 1930 on the bank of river Ravi, our freedom fighters pledged to attain Sampurna Swaraj and lucreed new agitations to make India freedom from the British Rule. So, on 1950 on this day we declared our India as a Sovereign, Democratic and Republic. As this festival is related to our nation, it is celebrated all over our country.It celebrated in schools, colleges, government and non government offices and industries. It stimulates a public festival as every Indian celebrates it. On the eve of this day, our honourable President gives a message to the nation. In his/her message he/she analyses the achievements of government and gives indications towards the future plans of the government towards the welfare of our country. either over the country people celebrates this festival. In national capital Delhi, there is a grand celebration.People from every corner of the country come here to parti cipate in the grand Republic day celebration. The grand celebration occurs at the India Gate and Rajpath of New Delhi. The entire route is decorated with our national pin tumblers. Many foreign delegates also come to detect Indias win on this occasion. At the beginning of the celebration, our Prime minister salutes the martyrs of soldiers who laid their life lives for our country on Amar Jawan Jyothi, at the India Gate. Then he moves towards the celebration point.Then our President comes to the celebration point who is welcomed by our Prime miniskirtster. All the commanders of three wings, Air Force, Army and Navy come to participate in the grand celebration. After this, flag hosting happens by our president and as soon as it completes we give a grand salute to our national flag by singing Jana Gana Mana. . Then the award ceremony write downs, our president gives valuable awards for those who sacrificed their life in antithetic situations for our country and countrymen.Even so me kids also selected for bravery awards for this occasion, who showed their braveness while miserable conditions. Then the grand parade chokes from the Vijay Chowk by all unlike wings, such as Army, Navy, Air force, Paramilitary forces, NCC, Tanks, Anti aircraft missiles, radars and so forth Then a cultural program is organized by school children. After this dance program, tableaux from contrastive states and national territories move on the route to show their culture and get along with to the world.At the final form aircrafts of Indian Air Force shows their talents in the sky. They send a message to the world that sky also in their limit. Overall, I can say it is not only the day of celebration but also the day to remember those great lives who sacrificed everything for this country. We should take a resolution to work for our country and its take place. So, at the end I want to say one thing that, we may from distinct region or trust but we are one, only one Indian. So, t hink about this country before thinking about your religion or region. Jai Hind.Republic DayRepublic Day Speech 2009 Ladies & Gentlemen My heartiest felicitations to you on the occasion of sixtieth Republic Day This is a sacred day for each one of us, when we come together to stipend tribute to the freedom fighters and martyrs who laid down their lives for the sake of the independence and sovereignty of our nation. Today we remember the uncomparable contribution of all those, who require toiled to build a free and modern India. Chandigarh, in itself is a Mini India symbolizing a truly dynamic urban center, with a success story of growth and victimisation, achieved through public partnerships.The presidentship has do great strides in every field, with a special emphasis on ensuring friendly justice, safe and secure environment, high quality civic life and equal opportunities for everyone to grow. Adding another milestone, the urban center has nonplus the first Plastic Free city after becoming the first Smoke Free metropolis of the country. Various mega projects including Le Corbusier Center, Education urban center, Modern Terminal Market, Housing project for spend Dwellers, Warehousing project, take out hamlet etc. are in the pipeline.The upcoming Chandigarh International Airport will further hike the stature of Chandigarh at the national and international level. The regime is dedicated to provide proper facilities to disadvantaged sections, elder citizens, economically weaker sections and has undertaken various schemes. Two landmark projects namely AASHA KIRAN A vocational training amount of money for otherwise abled and AASHREYA A home where the mentally challenged, would learn and live with comfort and dignity, extradite been launched.Both these prestigious projects focus on empowerment and creation of an Inclusive & Barrier- Free Society with an aim of securing all rights of disabled persons in a practical way. The first degree of the Street Children Home & Vocational Training Center at hamlet Maloya, a project set up of Rs. 7. 40 crore has already started. The second microscope stage would be working(a) soon which will accommodate 300 street girls for empowering them. The Tourism Industry in the city has construeed figure shift consequent to various firsts taken by the Chandigarh presidentship.Chandigarh Tourism has won Todays traveller Platinum Award for the most Responsible Tourism Plan of 2008. Efforts are world do by the judicial system for getting the name of the city in UNESCOs permanent World Heritage List. In order to conduct homage to the creator of Chandigarh and great French Architect Le Corbusier, the Le Corbusier revolve about has been launched in Sector 19. The Center showcases and exhibits the multifaceted life and works of Le Corbusier, to acquaint future generations with the cryptical cultural heritage of the city.Apart from organizing cultural events pertaining to the region, the institution has also organized cultural events of other states. A major(ip) maiden was Poompoohar 2008 which was jointly organized by the Chandigarh judgeship and the Tamilnadu Government. The Health and Family Welfare of the residents is always paramount. The first microscope stage of the Regional Center for Mentally Handicapped in Sector 31 will be useable shortly providing comprehensive training and education to at least 1000 mentally challenged children.Facilities like symptomatic and medical care, training, counseling for the prevention of disability and training facility for the parents and guardians of the mentally challenged children will be do available. New facilities of Bronchoscopy and Computed Radiography System return been installed at Government Multi Specialty Hospital, Sector-16. Trauma Unit with arrest operation theatres has also been added in the GMSH 16. In order to provide assistance to the people residing in the regressive areas of the city, Healt h Melas are existence organized from time to time.The commitment to provide good facilities and infrastructure for wellness is be further reinforced by major infrastructural additions. The Administration is building a new OPD pulley-block which will cost around Rs. 8. 46 crores, in the Govt. Multi Speciality Hospital, Sector 16. In addition, the work to fuddle a new E-block, which will cost more than(prenominal) than Rs. 23. 00 Crores, has already started in the GMCH-32. In the coming division the Administration also proposes to work additional infrastructures for various dispensaries, polyclinics and health facilities.The issue of Education has always remained at the top of the Administrations priority list. With the incessant efforts make by the Administration the decks are last cleared, for setting up the Education urban center, at Sarangpur Institution Area, with the signing of 9 MoUs with the Chandigarh Administration. We film further reinforced the Sarv Shiksha Ab hiyan and expanded the Mid Day Meal Programme up to the upper primary level. We are also establishing new techniques to build high quality model Schools. Special emphasis is benessness laid on the Placement Cell in each college for curbing unemployment.The Chandigarh Administration has taken chess openings for promoting Chandigarh as a experience urban center and has received huge investments from various IT Companies. The Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh technical schoolnology Park (RGCTP) once completed will get more than 60000 IT jobs. Already, more than 8000 IT professionals are working in the RGCTP. I am happy to inform you that this stratum till November 2008, the software exports from RGCTP alone deport crossed Rs. 400 Crores. Infosys has completed its second software ripening block and tech Mahindra and Bharti Airtel are expected to running(a)ise their centre of attentions by April 2009.Similarly most of the BTS sites are also under breeding. As a part of e-Governance i nitiatives, the department Information technology has do technology available at peck root level through Sampark Centers and e-deoxyguanosine monophosphate Sampark Centers. As many as 27 varied Public utility-grade Services are being provided from 10 e-Sampark Centers in different parts of the city and 13 e- thousand Sampark Centers spread across the villages of Union Territory. These centers pitch given major relief to the rural people by providing one stop solution centers in their neighborhood.In order to ensure transparency in its delivery mechanism, the department of Food & Civil Supplies has initiated the process of a smart card establish Public Distribution System. The small Project Report has been approved by the Government of India and the process of selection of the partner is in process. The Administration has dedicated two major projects to the residents of the city including the Beant Singh Memorial & Center for Performing and Visual Arts and a New Lake in Sect or 42. These two projects, submit given city residents a major fillip, peculiarly those residing in the Southern Sectors.With the reopening of the spruced up Tagore Theatre costing about Rs. 9 crore the city will go through more and more cultural activities. Though we pay limited villages in U. T. of Chandigarh, it is a commitment of the Administration to provide city like facilities in the villages. While drinking water facility, sewerage, storm water bemuse already been extended to the villages, in the next financial year the Administration proposes to provide city-like street lights and start shifting from tube-well- ground water supply to canal-based water supply for the villages.Plans in this regard are already being prepared. Those villages which agree come within the MC limit, have also been planned by the Municipal toilet for up-gradation of all types of infrastructure including roads, street lights, water supply, storm water community centers, parks etc. We have all faced the problem of increasing traffic day-by-day in Chandigarh. The Administration, being conscious of this fact, has taken initiative to improve the roads. On this we will spend Rs. 26 crores on improving the existing roads, on broadening and four-laning of roads of Chandigarh and also on route No. for Panchkula from Dakshin Marg, which is likely to be useable by may 2009. This has been a long pending demand of the residents of urban center which, I am glad, is being fulfilled. The residents of the city have been clamouring for large number of changes in the building rules of Chandigarh. After due deliberations with different stake holders and after a long time, the Chandigarh Administration has do larger number of people friendly and study based amendments in the building rules, which I am glad, will go a long way in meeting the day-to-day requirements of the people of Chandigarh.In addition, various processes for clearance of building plans etc. are also being streamlined so that people do not face any problem. The Sports infrastructure of the city is among the scoop out in the country. Lately, the opportunity given to the UT Administration for holding the 54th guinea pig School Games 2008-09, a Sports extravaganza, with more than 31 states and UTs participating has proven that the city possess State-of-the-art sports infrastructure required for hosting such National Events.The credit for this goes to the Sports subdivision which has been striving for not just creating world class infrastructure but also maintaining it. Soon, Floodlights would be installed at Cricket Stadium, Sector 16 and a new Astroturf Hockey Stadium and a New Basketball Court at Sector 42 would also be set up. The metropolis Beautiful has an edge over entire nation as the young shooter Abhinav Bindra, brought laurels to the country by winning the first ever Olympic Gold in an Individual category. The Administration has taken up major initiatives in making Chandigarh a slum a rea Free City.The Chandigarh Housing Board will provide housing to 25,728 slum dwelling families thus making the city beautiful a pass Free city. The Administration is also conscious of the housing essentials of its citizens and as such plans have been made by the Board to provide more than 13000 houses in the UT. The implementation of providing more houses has already started with 2200 dwelling units of different categories already under construction. Keeping in imbibe the recent advancements in the technology and the imperative affect for conserving scarce natural resources, CHB plans to go in for construction of Green & Intelligent Buildings.It is through our consistent efforts that the City Beautiful is known as the Green City of India. The Green cover of Chandigarh is 35. 7% of its total geographic area. The Botanical Garden has been developed over 176 acres and has the rarest medicinal plants, apart from being a pedestrians paradise. The Department is also in the process of establishment of a world class aquarium. In order to contain pollution and encourage clean fuel in the city, the UT Administration has started a drive to replace the existing Auto Rickshaws with LPG driven Auto Rickshaws.The Chandigarh Police is among the most organized and Tech Savvy in the country. As per the recent survey conducted by one of the leading national magazine, Chandigarh has been rated as one of the top performing UT in handling law & order. Keeping in count on the need for cyber security, a Cyber Crime Investigation Cell has been established. In order to provide security to the tourists in the city, Tourism Police has been launched in the city with the combine efforts of the Department of Tourism and Chandigarh Police.On the auspicious day, I on behalf of Chandigarh Administration convey heartfelt sympathies to the victims of the Mumbai terror attacks. Such unfortunate incidents are cowardly acts and will neer shake the faith of the nation. The country will forg e towards development and growth and deal with these elements with an iron hand. On this momentous occasion, I once again call upon all of you, for an active participation and contribute to the progress and prosperity of the city and the nation as a whole. I, once again, convey my heartfelt wishes to you all on this auspicious day. Jai HindRepublic DayRepublic Day Speech 2009 Ladies & Gentlemen My heartiest felicitations to you on the occasion of sixtieth Republic Day This is a sacred day for each one of us, when we come together to constitute tribute to the freedom fighters and martyrs who laid down their lives for the sake of the independence and sovereignty of our nation. Today we remember the marvelous contribution of all those, who have toiled to build a free and modern India. Chandigarh, in itself is a Mini India symbolizing a truly dynamic City, with a success story of growth and development, achieved through public partnerships.The Administration has made great strides in every field, with a special emphasis on ensuring affable justice, safe and secure environment, high quality civic life and equal opportunities for everyone to grow. Adding another milestone, the City has accommodate the first Plastic Free city after becoming the first Smoke Free City of the country. Various mega projects including Le Corbusier Center, Education City, Modern Terminal Market, Housing project for Slum Dwellers, Warehousing project, draw settlement etc. are in the pipeline.The upcoming Chandigarh International Airport will further rising the stature of Chandigarh at the national and international level. The Administration is dedicated to provide proper facilities to disadvantaged sections, ranking(prenominal) citizens, economically weaker sections and has undertaken various schemes. Two landmark projects namely AASHA KIRAN A vocational training Centre for otherwise abled and AASHREYA A home where the mentally challenged, would learn and live with comfort and d ignity, have been launched.Both these prestigious projects focus on empowerment and creation of an Inclusive & Barrier- Free Society with an aim of securing all rights of disabled persons in a practical way. The first phase of the Street Children Home & Vocational Training Center at Village Maloya, a project set up of Rs. 7. 40 crore has already started. The second phase would be functional soon which will accommodate 300 street girls for empowering them. The Tourism Industry in the city has witnessed picture shift consequent to various initiatives taken by the Chandigarh Administration.Chandigarh Tourism has won Todays traveler Platinum Award for the most Responsible Tourism Plan of 2008. Efforts are being made by the Administration for getting the name of the city in UNESCOs permanent World Heritage List. In order to pay homage to the creator of Chandigarh and great French Architect Le Corbusier, the Le Corbusier Centre has been launched in Sector 19. The Center showcases and ex hibits the multifaceted life and works of Le Corbusier, to acquaint future generations with the naughty cultural heritage of the city.Apart from organizing cultural events pertaining to the region, the Administration has also organized cultural events of other states. A major initiative was Poompoohar 2008 which was jointly organized by the Chandigarh Administration and the Tamilnadu Government. The Health and Family Welfare of the residents is always paramount. The first phase of the Regional Center for Mentally Handicapped in Sector 31 will be operational shortly providing comprehensive training and education to at least 1000 mentally challenged children.Facilities like symptomatic and medical care, training, counseling for the prevention of disability and training facility for the parents and guardians of the mentally challenged children will be made available. New facilities of Bronchoscopy and Computed Radiography System have been installed at Government Multi Specialty Hospit al, Sector-16. Trauma Unit with parking brake operation theatres has also been added in the GMSH 16. In order to provide assistance to the people residing in the unwilling areas of the city, Health Melas are being organized from time to time.The commitment to provide good facilities and infrastructure for health is being further reinforced by major infrastructural additions. The Administration is building a new OPD shove which will cost around Rs. 8. 46 crores, in the Govt. Multi Speciality Hospital, Sector 16. In addition, the work to have a new E-block, which will cost more than Rs. 23. 00 Crores, has already started in the GMCH-32. In the coming year the Administration also proposes to produce additional infrastructures for various dispensaries, polyclinics and health facilities.The issue of Education has always remained at the top of the Administrations priority list. With the incessant efforts made by the Administration the decks are in the end cleared, for setting up the Education City, at Sarangpur Institution Area, with the signing of 9 MoUs with the Chandigarh Administration. We have further alter the Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan and expanded the Mid Day Meal Programme up to the upper primary level. We are also establishing new techniques to build high quality model Schools. Special emphasis is being laid on the Placement Cell in each college for curbing unemployment.The Chandigarh Administration has taken initiatives for promoting Chandigarh as a noesis City and has received huge investments from various IT Companies. The Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park (RGCTP) once completed will create more than 60000 IT jobs. Already, more than 8000 IT professionals are working in the RGCTP. I am happy to inform you that this year till November 2008, the software exports from RGCTP alone have crossed Rs. 400 Crores. Infosys has completed its second software development block and Tech Mahindra and Bharti Airtel are expected to operationalise their Centres by April 2009.Similarly most of the BTS sites are also under development. As a part of e-Governance initiatives, the Department Information Technology has made technology available at wood pussy root level through Sampark Centers and e- thou Sampark Centers. As many as 27 varied Public profit Services are being provided from 10 e-Sampark Centers in different parts of the city and 13 e- Gram Sampark Centers spread across the villages of Union Territory. These centers have given major relief to the rural people by providing one stop solution centers in their neighborhood.In order to ensure transparency in its delivery mechanism, the Department of Food & Civil Supplies has initiated the process of a smart card based Public Distribution System. The critical Project Report has been approved by the Government of India and the process of selection of the partner is in process. The Administration has dedicated two major projects to the residents of the city including the Beant Singh Memori al & Center for Performing and Visual Arts and a New Lake in Sector 42. These two projects, have given city residents a major fillip, peculiarly those residing in the Southern Sectors.With the reopening of the spruced up Tagore Theatre costing about Rs. 9 crore the city will witness more and more cultural activities. Though we have limited villages in U. T. of Chandigarh, it is a commitment of the Administration to provide city like facilities in the villages. While drinking water facility, sewerage, storm water have already been extended to the villages, in the next financial year the Administration proposes to provide city-like street lights and start shifting from tube-well-based water supply to canal-based water supply for the villages.Plans in this regard are already being prepared. Those villages which have come within the MC limit, have also been planned by the Municipal sight for up-gradation of all types of infrastructure including roads, street lights, water supply, stor m water community centers, parks etc. We have all faced the problem of increasing traffic day-by-day in Chandigarh. The Administration, being conscious of this fact, has taken initiative to improve the roads. On this we will spend Rs. 26 crores on improving the existing roads, on outturn and four-laning of roads of Chandigarh and also on route No. for Panchkula from Dakshin Marg, which is likely to be operational by may 2009. This has been a long pending demand of the residents of City which, I am glad, is being fulfilled. The residents of the city have been clamouring for large number of changes in the building rules of Chandigarh. After due deliberations with different stake holders and after a long time, the Chandigarh Administration has made larger number of people friendly and need based amendments in the building rules, which I am glad, will go a long way in meeting the day-to-day requirements of the people of Chandigarh.In addition, various processes for clearance of buildi ng plans etc. are also being streamlined so that people do not face any problem. The Sports infrastructure of the city is among the silk hat in the country. Lately, the opportunity given to the UT Administration for holding the 54th National School Games 2008-09, a Sports extravaganza, with more than 31 states and UTs participating has proven that the city possess State-of-the-art sports infrastructure required for hosting such National Events.The credit for this goes to the Sports Department which has been striving for not just creating world class infrastructure but also maintaining it. Soon, Floodlights would be installed at Cricket Stadium, Sector 16 and a new Astroturf Hockey Stadium and a New Basketball Court at Sector 42 would also be set up. The City Beautiful has an edge over entire nation as the young shooter Abhinav Bindra, brought laurels to the country by winning the first ever Olympic Gold in an Individual category. The Administration has taken up major initiatives in making Chandigarh a Slum Free City.The Chandigarh Housing Board will provide housing to 25,728 slum dwelling families thus making the city beautiful a Slum Free city. The Administration is also conscious of the housing needs of its citizens and as such plans have been made by the Board to provide more than 13000 houses in the UT. The implementation of providing more houses has already started with 2200 dwelling units of different categories already under construction. Keeping in gather in the recent advancements in the technology and the imperative need for conserving scarce natural resources, CHB plans to go in for construction of Green & Intelligent Buildings.It is through our consistent efforts that the City Beautiful is known as the Green City of India. The Green cover of Chandigarh is 35. 7% of its total geographic area. The Botanical Garden has been developed over 176 acres and has the rarest medicinal plants, apart from being a pedestrians paradise. The Department is also in the process of establishment of a world class aquarium. In order to contain pollution and encourage clean fuel in the city, the UT Administration has started a drive to replace the existing Auto Rickshaws with LPG driven Auto Rickshaws.The Chandigarh Police is among the most organized and Tech Savvy in the country. As per the recent survey conducted by one of the leading national magazine, Chandigarh has been rated as one of the top performing UT in handling law & order. Keeping in view the need for cyber security, a Cyber Crime Investigation Cell has been established. In order to provide security to the tourists in the city, Tourism Police has been launched in the city with the combine efforts of the Department of Tourism and Chandigarh Police.On the auspicious day, I on behalf of Chandigarh Administration convey heartfelt sympathies to the victims of the Mumbai terror attacks. Such unfortunate incidents are cowardly acts and will neer shake the faith of the nation. The country will forge towards development and growth and deal with these elements with an iron hand. On this momentous occasion, I once again call upon all of you, for an active participation and contribute to the progress and prosperity of the city and the nation as a whole. I, once again, convey my heartfelt wishes to you all on this auspicious day. Jai HindRepublic DayRepublic Day Speech 2009 Ladies & Gentlemen My heartiest felicitations to you on the occasion of sixtieth Republic Day This is a sacred day for each one of us, when we come together to pay tribute to the freedom fighters and martyrs who laid down their lives for the sake of the independence and sovereignty of our nation. Today we remember the fantastic contribution of all those, who have toiled to build a free and modern India. Chandigarh, in itself is a Mini India symbolizing a truly dynamic City, with a success story of growth and development, achieved through public partnerships.The Administration has made great strides i n every field, with a special emphasis on ensuring social justice, safe and secure environment, high quality civic life and equal opportunities for everyone to grow. Adding another milestone, the City has become the first Plastic Free city after becoming the first Smoke Free City of the country. Various mega projects including Le Corbusier Center, Education City, Modern Terminal Market, Housing project for Slum Dwellers, Warehousing project, draw Village etc. are in the pipeline.The upcoming Chandigarh International Airport will further kick upstairs the stature of Chandigarh at the national and international level. The Administration is dedicated to provide proper facilities to disadvantaged sections, of age(p) citizens, economically weaker sections and has undertaken various schemes. Two landmark projects namely AASHA KIRAN A vocational training Centre for differently abled and AASHREYA A home where the mentally challenged, would learn and live with comfort and dignity, have been launched.Both these prestigious projects focus on empowerment and creation of an Inclusive & Barrier- Free Society with an aim of securing all rights of disabled persons in a practical way. The first phase of the Street Children Home & Vocational Training Center at Village Maloya, a project set up of Rs. 7. 40 crore has already started. The second phase would be functional soon which will accommodate 300 street girls for empowering them. The Tourism Industry in the city has witnessed paradigm shift consequent to various initiatives taken by the Chandigarh Administration.Chandigarh Tourism has won Todays traveler Platinum Award for the most Responsible Tourism Plan of 2008. Efforts are being made by the Administration for getting the name of the city in UNESCOs permanent World Heritage List. In order to pay homage to the creator of Chandigarh and great French Architect Le Corbusier, the Le Corbusier Centre has been launched in Sector 19. The Center showcases and exhibits the mul tifaceted life and works of Le Corbusier, to acquaint future generations with the lively cultural heritage of the city.Apart from organizing cultural events pertaining to the region, the Administration has also organized cultural events of other states. A major initiative was Poompoohar 2008 which was jointly organized by the Chandigarh Administration and the Tamilnadu Government. The Health and Family Welfare of the residents is always paramount. The first phase of the Regional Center for Mentally Handicapped in Sector 31 will be operational shortly providing comprehensive training and education to at least 1000 mentally challenged children.Facilities like diagnostic and medical care, training, counseling for the prevention of disability and training facility for the parents and guardians of the mentally challenged children will be made available. New facilities of Bronchoscopy and Computed Radiography System have been installed at Government Multi Specialty Hospital, Sector-16. T rauma Unit with compulsion operation theatres has also been added in the GMSH 16. In order to provide assistance to the people residing in the back areas of the city, Health Melas are being organized from time to time.The commitment to provide good facilities and infrastructure for health is being further reinforced by major infrastructural additions. The Administration is building a new OPD stymie which will cost around Rs. 8. 46 crores, in the Govt. Multi Speciality Hospital, Sector 16. In addition, the work to have a new E-block, which will cost more than Rs. 23. 00 Crores, has already started in the GMCH-32. In the coming year the Administration also proposes to create additional infrastructures for various dispensaries, polyclinics and health facilities.The issue of Education has always remained at the top of the Administrations priority list. With the incessant efforts made by the Administration the decks are finally cleared, for setting up the Education City, at Sarangpur Institution Area, with the signing of 9 MoUs with the Chandigarh Administration. We have further strengthened the Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan and expanded the Mid Day Meal Programme up to the upper primary level. We are also establishing new techniques to build high quality model Schools. Special emphasis is being laid on the Placement Cell in each college for curbing unemployment.The Chandigarh Administration has taken initiatives for promoting Chandigarh as a experience City and has received huge investments from various IT Companies. The Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park (RGCTP) once completed will create more than 60000 IT jobs. Already, more than 8000 IT professionals are working in the RGCTP. I am happy to inform you that this year till November 2008, the software exports from RGCTP alone have crossed Rs. 400 Crores. Infosys has completed its second software development block and Tech Mahindra and Bharti Airtel are expected to operationalise their Centres by April 2009.Simil arly most of the BTS sites are also under development. As a part of e-Governance initiatives, the Department Information Technology has made technology available at pinhead root level through Sampark Centers and e-Gram Sampark Centers. As many as 27 varied Public expediency Services are being provided from 10 e-Sampark Centers in different parts of the city and 13 e- Gram Sampark Centers spread across the villages of Union Territory. These centers have given major relief to the rural people by providing one stop solution centers in their neighborhood.In order to ensure transparency in its delivery mechanism, the Department of Food & Civil Supplies has initiated the process of a smart card based Public Distribution System. The minute Project Report has been approved by the Government of India and the process of selection of the partner is in process. The Administration has dedicated two major projects to the residents of the city including the Beant Singh Memorial & Center for Per forming and Visual Arts and a New Lake in Sector 42. These two projects, have given city residents a major fillip, peculiarly those residing in the Southern Sectors.With the reopening of the spruced up Tagore Theatre costing about Rs. 9 crore the city will witness more and more cultural activities. Though we have limited villages in U. T. of Chandigarh, it is a commitment of the Administration to provide city like facilities in the villages. While drinking water facility, sewerage, storm water have already been extended to the villages, in the next financial year the Administration proposes to provide city-like street lights and start shifting from tube-well-based water supply to canal-based water supply for the villages.Plans in this regard are already being prepared. Those villages which have come within the MC limit, have also been planned by the Municipal bow window for up-gradation of all types of infrastructure including roads, street lights, water supply, storm water commun ity centers, parks etc. We have all faced the problem of increasing traffic day-by-day in Chandigarh. The Administration, being conscious of this fact, has taken initiative to improve the roads. On this we will spend Rs. 26 crores on improving the existing roads, on output and four-laning of roads of Chandigarh and also on route No. for Panchkula from Dakshin Marg, which is likely to be operational by may 2009. This has been a long pending demand of the residents of City which, I am glad, is being fulfilled. The residents of the city have been clamouring for large number of changes in the building rules of Chandigarh. After due deliberations with different stake holders and after a long time, the Chandigarh Administration has made larger number of people friendly and need based amendments in the building rules, which I am glad, will go a long way in meeting the day-to-day requirements of the people of Chandigarh.In addition, various processes for clearance of building plans etc. a re also being streamlined so that people do not face any problem. The Sports infrastructure of the city is among the scoop up in the country. Lately, the opportunity given to the UT Administration for holding the 54th National School Games 2008-09, a Sports extravaganza, with more than 31 states and UTs participating has proven that the city possess State-of-the-art sports infrastructure required for hosting such National Events.The credit for this goes to the Sports Department which has been striving for not just creating world class infrastructure but also maintaining it. Soon, Floodlights would be installed at Cricket Stadium, Sector 16 and a new Astroturf Hockey Stadium and a New Basketball Court at Sector 42 would also be set up. The City Beautiful has an edge over entire nation as the young shooter Abhinav Bindra, brought laurels to the country by winning the first ever Olympic Gold in an Individual category. The Administration has taken up major initiatives in making Chandig arh a Slum Free City.The Chandigarh Housing Board will provide housing to 25,728 slum dwelling families thus making the city beautiful a Slum Free city. The Administration is also conscious of the housing needs of its citizens and as such plans have been made by the Board to provide more than 13000 houses in the UT. The implementation of providing more houses has already started with 2200 dwelling units of different categories already under construction. Keeping in view the recent advancements in the technology and the imperative need for conserving scarce natural resources, CHB plans to go in for construction of Green & Intelligent Buildings.It is through our consistent efforts that the City Beautiful is known as the Green City of India. The Green cover of Chandigarh is 35. 7% of its total geographical area. The Botanical Garden has been developed over 176 acres and has the rarest medicinal plants, apart from being a walkers paradise. The Department is also in the process of esta blishment of a world class aquarium. In order to contain pollution and encourage clean fuel in the city, the UT Administration has started a drive to replace the existing Auto Rickshaws with LPG driven Auto Rickshaws.The Chandigarh Police is among the most organized and Tech Savvy in the country. As per the recent survey conducted by one of the leading national magazine, Chandigarh has been rated as one of the top performing UT in handling law & order. Keeping in view the need for cyber security, a Cyber Crime Investigation Cell has been established. In order to provide security to the tourists in the city, Tourism Police has been launched in the city with the combine efforts of the Department of Tourism and Chandigarh Police.On the auspicious day, I on behalf of Chandigarh Administration convey heartfelt sympathies to the victims of the Mumbai terror attacks. Such unfortunate incidents are cowardly acts and will never shake the faith of the nation. The country will forge towards de velopment and growth and deal with these elements with an iron hand. On this momentous occasion, I once again call upon all of you, for an active participation and contribute to the progress and prosperity of the city and the nation as a whole. I, once again, convey my heartfelt wishes to you all on this auspicious day. Jai Hind