Does Punishment Deter Crime?

Does Punishment Deter Crime? Does punishment really deter crime? One could say no since the rate of crime is stable instead of declining. The interaction between crime and punishment is certainly a complex one. In simple terms, one might anticipate that, if crime rates increase, there should be a corresponding increase on prison populationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦On the other hand, if punishment levels increase, crime control theory suggests that deterrence and incapacitation should show themselves in a corresponding reduction in crime rates (Blumstein, 1998). Over the past few decades, crime rates have fluctuated, but have been fairly stable numbers. We have not seen the decline in crime that one would expect to with the growth in prison or jail inmates. What type of punishment deters crime most effectively? Retribution is the oldest form of punishment. Retribution is an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime (Macionis, 2006). With retribution, we assume that society is morally balanced. When a crime is committed, it upsets that balance. Retribution is thought to restore the balance by granting a punishment that fits the crime; for example, and eye for an eye. Another thought is that if the punishment is severe enough, it would discourage anyone from committing the crime. This justification is known as deterrence. Deterrence is the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment (Macionis, 2006). Deterrence came about during the eighteenth century and was a renewed form of punishment from retribution. Retribution had become harsh punishment, such as mutilation and death. People began to believe that criminals could be punished effectively and accordingly through lesser punishment. Along the lines of thinking that a person can be punished effectively through lesser punishment came the act of rehabilitation. Rehabilitation; however, didnt come around until the 19th century. Rehabilitation is a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses (Macionis, 2006). Society came to believe that criminal deviance was learned and could be a result of ones upbringing, financial status, or even the lack of positive role models. The thought was that if one had learned these bad traits earlier in life, they could also be taught good traits if given the opportunity. In other words, they could be reformed or rehabilitated. Rehabilitation takes work on the part of the offender; however, it does not include suffering such as that involved with retribution and deterrence. Rehabilitation is also customized to the fit the needs of the deviant. The final justification for punishment is societal protection. Societal protection means rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution (Macionis, 2006). Like deterrence, the primary focus of societal protection is protecting society. The intent is to render a punishment that leaves the deviant incapable of committing the crime again. Currently, there are 2 million people imprisoned in the United States. This population has tripled since 1990 and continues to rise. America imprisons more of its population than any other country (Macionis, 2006). Everyone agrees that punishment deters crime, but which form of punishment is the most effective? Unfortunately, deterring crime through punishment is difficult to measure. It is difficult to say what form of punishment might work best for every crime and every criminal. Generally speaking, one would think that the death penalty would be an excellent deterrent to crime; however, that is not exactly the case. It is questionable whether the death penalty actually deters others from committing the crime. Additionally, there have been individuals put to death who were later found innocent of committing the accused crime. Because the threat of punishment as a deterrent for crime has long been debated, many have attempted to measure the effectiveness. In most models, the optimal amount of deterrence does not mean eliminating the crime all together. Instead, the optimal amount of deterrence comes from balancing the costs, the benefit to society, and the deterrence to the deviant. Every justification is controversial and debatable. Personally, I am not a proponent of the death penalty; however, I think the evidence may show that it is an effective deterrent to crime. My issues with capital punishment are moral. I do not feel that it is morally right to take the life of another human being, even if they have taken the life of another. I am also concerned about the fact that an innocent person may be put mistakenly put to death. Although I have moral issues with the death penalty, this does not mean that it is not an effective deterrent to crime. Nothing says do not do it like the fear of death for doing it. In other words, I do not think there is a better way of getting the attention of a criminal than by letting them know that they will be put to death if they commit certain criminal acts. According to an article in USA Today, In New York, the death penalty has turned the tables on fear and put it back where it belongs-in the hearts of criminals. Within just one year, the death penalty helped produce a dramatic drop in violent crime. Just as important, it has restored New Yorkers confidence in the justice system because they know their government genuinely is committed to their safety. (Pataki, 1997) So although I may not be a proponent of the death penalty, I think the evidence speaks for itself. Capital punishment is a form of deterrence and it does seem to be a deterrent to crime. The benefits to society outweigh that that of retribution, rehabilitation, and societal protection. I personally support rehabilitation, but I believe that it is very expensive and does not always work. When looking for the optimal justification for punishment, I lean more towards deterrence when looking for that balance between cost, benefit to society and deterring the deviant. Deterrence seems to be the best overall solution for preventing crime. Ultimately, our desire to alleviate crime is only as tough as the laws we enforce to punish deviants. By enforcing the death penalty as the law of the land, we demonstrate our determination and strengthened the idea that our children and future generations can grow up in a country that is free of violence (Pataki, 1997).

The Irresponsibility of Firestone :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Irresponsibility of Firestone â€Å"It was extremely difficult to control the truck at the time, and I had both my wife (two months pregnant) and my 16-month-old daughter screaming and crying in a panic...My wife has developed a fear of the only vehicle we have, understandably so. She fears other tires may also be defective and that we may be in danger† (Nathan). Much like the 4,300 similar complaints the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has received, this Firestone tire consumer warned the agency of the faulty product and asked it to take action. Imagine a similar problem happening to you. While leisurely traveling down the highway, your SUV is suddenly thrown to the pavement. The tire tread on your left rear tire separates from the steel belt, and your vehicle can not overcome its speed of 65-mph, and crashes uncontrollably. The SUV rolls over, killing your family. Even though you complain, the NHTSA does nothing about the problem, and you hear about other similar accidents. On August 9, 2000, Bridgestone/Firestone, an international tire manufacturer, issued a recall of all its ATX, ATX II, and Wilderness AT tires. To date, the company has replaced 6.5 million tires (â€Å"Firestone death...†). Ford had contracted with Firestone to supply tires for all the SUV’s it produced. Together Firestone and Ford investigated the problems with the recalled tires. Despite much bickering between the two companies, the tires failed due to flaws in Firestone’s manufacturing and production. The NHTSA has reported a total of 148 deaths and 525 injuries involving tread separations, blowouts, and other problems with Firestone tires. The Middle East has reported at least seven deaths and Venezuela has reported forty-six due to the same kind of problem (â€Å"Firestone death...†). From both foreign countries and the United States, complaints state that the tires lose their casings when traveling at high speeds. The tire maker claimed it knew nothing of the tread problems until late July, yet consumers have warned the company since the mid 1990’s (Nathan). It also stated that the complaints it finally received did not raise any â€Å"red flags† because in relative terms, few tires had failed; less than one in every 10,000 of the 47 million ATX, ATX II, and Wilderness AT tires produced since 1991 have failed (Nathan). Most of the recalled tires came from the Decatur, Illinois plant, the main concentration of the investigation. The company claimed that a workers’ strike at that plant in the nineties, when replacement workers made the product, caused most of the problems.

Urban Legend of the Goatman of Beltsville, Maryland :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

Goatman of Beltsville, Maryland The storyteller told the story of the Goatman from Beltsville story to me. On a summer night in 2005, she and her friend were driving back from a mall. Her friend took a shortcut home to Beltsville, Maryland by way of Callington Road Bridge. While on this shortcut home, her friend stopped the car on the side of road and turned off the headlights. She proceeded to tell the interviewee the story of the Goatman, emphasizing its truthfulness the entire time. After she heard the story, the interviewee never drove across Callington Road Bridge again. The storyteller told me the story of the Goatman in a mutual friend’s dorm room at night. I had come to the dorm room to ask my friend if he knew any urban legends of ghost stories from around campus or the state of Maryland. The storyteller, a 21-year-old biology major, shouted excitedly from the couch that she knew one. She is from Beltsville, Maryland. Her mother is a lawyer and her father is a math professor. My friend and I sat down on the couch and listened intently as she told the story: The Goatman from Beltsville. In the 1970s, a crazy doctor did a genetic experiment. The doctor bred a goat with a human by fusing the two embryos. A baby was born half human and half goat. It had horns, really thick hair on its face, a tail, sharp teeth, and a temper. The deformed baby grew into a really gross guy. As Goatman grew older he became more and more violent until finally the doctor kicked him out. After that, the Goatman retreated into the forest to live. He eats cats and dogs as his main source of food, and from time to time he eats humans walking alone at night along this one road commonly known as Goatman Hallow (Callington Road Bridge). Goatman is bloodthirsty, fearless, and always on the prowl. Sometimes he wanders into people’s back yards and eats their pets. Owners will find their pets the next day with only the carcasses remaining. Kids are warned not to take the shortcut home through the forest because Goatman might eat them. One time a few kids took the shortcut home at night and this one kid fell behind.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay

Frederick Douglass was born as Frederick Augustus Bailey, a slave in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, Maryland. His mother Harriet Bailey was a slave and Frederick also became a slave since law required children to follow status of their mothers. He was separated from his mother at an early age and was raised with a group of slave children. Driven by thirst for knowledge and learning, he bought his first book, â€Å"The Columbian Orator† at the age of thirteen. The book made him understand the miseries of enslaved people and to realize the necessity of universal freedom. This knowledge sowed a seed of revolt in Douglass that ultimately made him escape the slave camp in 1938. After his arrival in New York he changed his name to Frederick Douglass and started working for abolitionist movement. After joining American Anti-Slavery Society, he came to be known as a famous orator, journalist, and slave leader of the 19th century. His autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was published in 1845, followed by My Bondage and My Freedom in 1855 and Life and Times of Frederick Douglass in 1881 respectively. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, he has provided a deep insight into a slave’s life working on the Southern plantations. At the age of eight, he was sent to the custody of Hugh and Sophia Auld at their farm house. The slaves were by law prohibited to get education and knowledge and those guilty of violation were subject to heavy fines, whipping or imprisonment. Blacks and slave did not have access to purchase books or even Bible. The plantation owners considered educated slaves as a threat to their authority and thus barred them of the privilege. Douglass faced same resistance from his master at his early age when his master’s wife tried to teach him Bible and was stopped by her husband. Literacy therefore, became of primary importance for Douglass since he thought it to be the only means to freedom and emancipation. In the narrative he states, â€Å"I have found that, to make a contented slave, it is necessary to make a thoughtless one. It is necessary to darken his moral and mental vision, and, as far as possible, to annihilate the power of reason. †¦ he must be made to feel that slavery is right; and he can be brought to that only when he ceases to be a man† (99). Douglass was highly critical of the slaveholders religion as that added even more to their cruelty towards the colored labor on their plantations. He describes the conversion of his master, Captain Auld, in August, 1832 of which he thought to bring a positive change in his behavior towards slaves. Against his hopes, â€Å"It neither made him to be humane to his slaves, nor to emancipate them. . . . it made him more cruel and hateful . . . a much worse man after his conversion . . . he found religious sanction and support for his slaveholding cruelty† (57). Regarding cruelty of religious Southerners, Douglass opines, â€Å"For of all slaveholders with whom I have ever met, religious slaveholders are the worst† (80). At the Southern plantation, the conduct of masters towards slaves was bad beyond imagination. They were deprived of basic and fundamental rights such as education and denied freedom on least degree. The slave-owners presumed that if slaves get education they would be of no use for their masters. The slaves were supposed to be yes-men to their masters and they did not require those who argued or questioned their authority. Any effort or attempt for freedom was crushed with an iron hand. Physical and intellectual oppression became interconnected during that period. Those who tried to seek mental freedom by acquiring knowledge were more exposed to physical penalties than others. The penalties were horrible including cutting of fingers and sometimes of hands, whipping and finally killing them. In such circumstances, Douglass developed a strong urge for emancipation supplemented further by the fair treatment he received from William Freeland as he craved to be his own master. Douglass witnessed a wide difference in slave’s living conditions after he arrived in Baltimore. Life for slaves, he observed, in the northern cities was far easier than those at Southern plantations. He writes, â€Å"A city slave is almost a freeman, compared with a slave on the plantation. He is much better fed and clothed, and enjoys privileges altogether unknown to the slave on the plantation (38). Like many other revolutionary slaves, Douglass planned to escape his master’s brutalities and seek freedom body and mind. He was dissatisfied with almost everything in his slave life. Above all, he was discontented with the way slaves were robbed of their monetary gains. He started planning to flee in 1835 but stayed back due to a number of reservations. Primarily he was concerned with his fellow slaves and wanted them to accompany him in the attempt for independence. He convinced each of them personally and took days to chalk out a feasible escape plan. The multiple fears of being caught and return to slavery were horrifying and difficulties numerous. Finally, a group of six bound for the Chesapeake Bay was constituted to flee on Saturday night. Douglass even managed to prepare fake undertakings on behalf of their masters for all six. As the last moment, however, the mission failed and all of them were held due to the betrayal of one of the fellow slave. Finally when Douglass succeeded to escape towards North in 1838, he found the region totally different from what he presumed. While living in abysmal depths of slavery at the Southern plantation, he thought of the Northern slaveholders having just a few comforts of life or rather they didn’t own any slaves. In his simplicity, he thought the slaves a source of wealth and extravagant life that was supposedly inexistent in the North. He writes, â€Å". . . upon coming to the north, I expected to meet with a rough, hard-handed, and uncultivated population, living in the most Spartan-like simplicity, knowing nothing of the ease, luxury, pomp, and grandeur of southern slaveholders† (111). In contrast, he found himself â€Å"surrounded with the strongest proofs of wealth† (111). The blooming northern industry engaged numerous workers living in far better conditions (both physically and economically) than the pathetic southern slaves. In short, he found a new world, a world of hope where future lies. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. Accessed August 20, 2008 http://etext. virginia. edu/toc/modeng/public/DouNarr. html

1st Merit List Bs English Uog

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT LIST Hafiz Hayat Campus Department: Programme: S# Serial No. Form No. English Language (02) BS (15) Applicant Information Marks (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 00066 00048 00053 00085 00043 00038 2-310 00015 00062 00031 00050 00019 00040 00034 00044 00046 00051 00026 00001 00020 10005 07560 10862 15496 03676 03915 07220 00072 03577 15509 16023 06683 12333 10969 13602 07927 18530 11985 10409 03302 06529 13930Mahmoor Ghani Sheikh D/o Ziad Ghani Sheikh Wajeeha Khawar D/o Khawar Mumtaz Malik Ayesha Zahoor D/o Zahoor Ahmad Maria Fayaz Malik D/o M Fayaz ul Haq Awan Zainab Amjed D/o Amjed Shah Hajab Binte Fayyaz D/o Fayyaz Ahmad Cheem Farwa Arooj D/o Muhammad Sharif Afifa Khalid D/o Khalid Iqbal Tooba Pervaiz D/o Pervaiz Ahmad Ifra Azmat D/o Muhammad Azmat Maryam Tariq D/o Tariq Mehmood Ayesha Zahid D/o Zahid Pervaiz Rafia Ejaz D/o Ejaz Ahmad Ruhma Ahmad D/o Sher Ahmad Tayyaba Jamil D/o Jamil Anjum Junaid Zaman S/o M Iqbal Farah Nasim D/o Muhammad Nasim Ch.Muhammad Tayyab Shehzad S/o Shafqat Ullah Atif Zia S/o Zia Ullah Noorul-Ain Liaquat D/o Liaquat Ali Humaira Chaudhry D/o Bashir Ahmed 75. 66 73. 86 72. 24 68. 94 68. 91 68. 61 67. 63 67. 49 66. 76 66. 54 66. 45 66. 17 65. 96 65. 78 65. 65 64. 85 64. 70 64. 69 64. 67 64. 25 63. 98 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) Page 1 of 3 13 October, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT LIST Hafiz Hayat CampusDepartment: Programme: S# Serial No. Form No. English Language (02) BS (15) Applicant Information Marks (%) 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 00003 00312 00068 00086 00055 00314 00047 00097 00037 00056 00096 00087 00313 00089 00033 00071 00016 00072 00017 00067 00059 07432 72356 16799 19225 18019 72358 10584 01747 13736 18058 18612 29332 72357 13212 13459 19452 03559 15971 15468 17707 17068Badar Zaman S/o Muhammad Zaman Zara Yousaf D/o Dr Muhammad Yousaf Saniha Khalid D/o Khalid Pervaiz Muhammad Arnan Ali S/o Sharafat Ali Muh ammad Usman Gohar S/o Muhammad Ramzan Haroona Mahtab D/o Zafar Iqbal Bisma Mushtaq D/o Mushtaq Ahmed Ranjha Alina Muzafar D/o Muzafar Hussain Maria Kokab D/o Mushtaq Ahmad Khushbakht Shoaib D/o Muhammad Shoaib Khawaja Faiqa Andleeb D/o Zafar Iqbal M Omer Javaid S/o Ansar Javaid Aqsa Ehsan ul Haq D/o Ahsan ul Haq Ammara Ansar D/o Ansar Hayat Muhammad Hamed S/o Abdul Majid Farwa Tahira D/o Ali Asghar Saba Inam D/o Inam Ullah Khan Zainab Imtiaz Warrich D/o Imtiaz Khalid Warrich Tasmia Younas D/o Muhammad Younas Abdullah Amjad S/o Amjad Mahmood Shafaq Khalid D/o Khalid Mehmood Butt 63. 74 63. 41 63. 23 62. 58 62. 34 61. 83 61. 49 60. 81 60. 38 60. 32 60. 01 59. 67 59. 19 59. 17 59. 13 58. 93 58. 89 58. 82 58. 52 58. 40 58. 30 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) Page 2 of 3 13 October, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT LIST Hafiz Hayat Campus Department: Programme: S# Serial No. Form No. English Language (02) BS (15) Applicant Information Marks (%) 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 00035 00095 00069 00088 00032 00027 00064 00094 00065 00073 00018 00090 00052 00049 00060 11833 21798 11178 20608 15219 15458 19561 21725 13763 19511 03783 16770 03557 16063 13499Sidra Qayyom D/o Abdul Qayyom Mehak Wasim D/o Babar Wasim Ather Syeda Zubaria Aqeel D/o Syed Aqeel Abbas M Saqlain Mukhtar S/o Mukhtar Ahmed Saba Nayab D/o Arshad Mahmood Hira Ahsan D/o Muhammad Ahsan Anum Nawaz D/o Muhammmad Nawaz Zunaira ch D/o Ch Salahuddin Syeda Samreen Jaffari D/o Syed Khaliq u Zaman Jaffari Saba Arshad D/o Muhammmad Arshad Ayesha Imtiaz D/o Muhammad Imtiaz Mughal Syeda Rizwana Sajad D/o Sajad Hussain Shah Sidra Naveed D/o Naveed Aslam Saba Asghar Paswal D/o M Asghar Paswal Shama Sahar D/o Riaz Ahmad 58. 19 57. 56 56. 69 56. 40 55. 99 55. 58 55. 46 55. 28 55. 25 54. 82 54. 71 53. 42 51. 68 51. 40 50. 52 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) Page 3 of 3 13 October, 2011

Organic Food vs. Non-Organic Essay

Unfortunately, most organic food is disappearing, because people are not taking the time to buy it. People are buying non-organic because the food is cheaper, easier to find, and full of nutrition. But why is organic food disappearing when it has more nutrition, better tasting, and ecosystem diversity. What are people really doing? People now at days choose to buy non-organic food because it’s cheaper, easier to find, and full of nutrition. When coming in to a store the first thing you can see is the low prizing of the products. This is one reason people choose to buy non-organic products. When going into the organic section of foods and seeing that is twice the prize as non-organic people automatically chooses non-organic food. Milk certified as hormone and antibiotic-free costs 6 dollars per gallon, while grocery milk only costs 3. 50 per gallon. When coming into a super market most of the things that you see are non-organic products. This is another reason why people choose non-organic products, because it is easier to find. People now at days are really busy and doesn’t have many time to be shopping, and makes non-organic products easy to find and less time wasters. People chooses to buy non-organic products because they are easy to find, but they don’t know that it could only take two minutes looking for organic products. People chooses to buy non-organic products because they are full of nutrition. This is another reason why people chooses to buy non-organic products. Non-organic products have been industrialized and enhanced with vitamins, which many of organic products are missing. Organic products are naturally grown and are healthy to the body. Because non-organic products have been industrialized the quality of the soil is secondary, while the soil of organic products is pure. This is why food that has been grown organically tastes better than industrialized products. People chooses non-organic products because it grows faster and easier. By growing organic food it allows the environment a wider range of insects, plants, and organisms to coexist. People chooses to buy non-organic products because they won’t have to be worrying about getting a worm in their apple. Non-organic products are insect free, this is another reason people chooses non-organic products. What are they really doing? Organic fruit and vegetables are contaminated with as much as 40% more antioxidants, which scientists believe can lower the risk of getting cancer and heart disease. The levels of antioxidants in milk from organic crops are up to 90% higher than in non-organic milk. Non-Organic is most likely to be contaminated with left overs that sometimes occurs in dangerous combinations of chemicals added to organic products. They contain more water than organic products, which makes the organic products dry, and sometimes rough. Banning the use of artificial food additives like hydrogenated fats, phosphoric acid, aspartame and monosodium glutamate, which have been scientifically to health problems like heart disease, osteoporosis, migraines and hyperactivity. Non-Organic, the negative effects of pesticides in health includes neurotoxicity, disruption of the endocrine system, carcinogenicity and immune system suppression.

Assess the Supernatural in Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare wrote his plays during the Elizabethan time, a time of change and discovery, which was called the Renaissance. Changes in religion, politics, science, language, and the arts made the population excited and think about and believe in things differently. One subject many people had different beliefs about was the belief of the supernatural. Many women were accused of witchcraft; they would be burnt at the stake or thrown into a river to drown. Shakespeare uses witches in Macbeth to scare the audience. This is shown in the first scene, Act 1 Scene 1. In the first scene, without anyone saying a word, Shakespeare manages to scare the audience. He does this by having thunder and lightning coming from behind the stage. Not only does this scare the audience, which they wanted to happen, they came to get scared, but it sets the mood. The come across as grey, gloomy and dark which again frightens the audience. When the first witch speaks she asks the others: When shall we three meet again, In thunder, lightning or in rain? This tells us two things: 1. They have met before and 2. They seem to be able to control the weather. Controlling the weather is important because this means whenever there is thunder lightning or rain the witches will most likely be there. This also means that they can set the mood for the audience. The withes then go on to predict the future saying: Where the Place? Upon the heath. There to meet with Macbeth. This shows us that the witches know that Macbeth will win because he must be alive to meet with them, plus they know where and when the battle finishes. In the last line all of the witches say: Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air. All this means is that the witches plan to create chaos amongst Macbeth, to make him confused weary and doubtful. The next time the witches appear is in Act 1 Scene 3. In this scene the second witch has been travelling â€Å"killing swine† as she puts it and she describes her travels as: A sailor’s wife had chestnuts in her lap †¦ †¦Look what I have. This tells us that the witches hold grudges against other people causing their evil to become worse if you do not do as they say. It also re-inforces the mood from scene 1, the fact that they can change the weather and that they have supernatural powers. Whilst the witch is describing what she has been doing, there is constant thunder and lightning happening around them which also re-inforces the mood again from scene 1. Later on in the scene Macbeth meets up with witches along with Banquo. The witches tell him: All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter. Macbeth seems stunned to this while Banquo asks him: Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things that do sound so fair? For a while Macbeth says nothing, looking stunned shocked and confused at what the witches have just told him. Banquo asks whether they are real or not but gets a reply like Macbeths. He is told that he’ll be lesser than Macbeth but greater, not so happy but much happier and that he will have kings in his family. Banquo says nothing to this as if he didn’t hear it, and just continues speaking to Macbeth. Macbeth questions what the witches have just told him, he is confused at what they have told him because the Thane of Cawdor and the King are both still alive. He tries to work it out but then gets demanding saying: Speak, I charge you. To this the witches vanish leaving a shocked and confused Macbeth and Banquo, still looking like he’s heard nothing. So now Macbeth is feeling anxious and worried of what they have told him and this is all to emphasise the fear that has been incorporated with the witches since the beginning of the play. He has all these feelings building up inside of him until he gets told that the Thane of Cawdor betrayed his armies and joined the Norwegians, to which he gets executed and passes the thane to Macbeth. All of his feelings are now turning into excitement because what he was told by the witches is becoming true. He starts thinking to himself: Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor: The worst is behind. That the worst is behind him and he might as well continue now he’s got so far. He starts to think about killing the king despite Banquo telling him: That, trusted home, Might yet enkindle you unto the crown†¦ †¦In deepest consequence. He images killing the king and what it would get him, but it’s only an idea at the moment, and it starts to disturb his body so much that trying to imagine it makes him unable to move, making nothing seem real except the fantasy of being king. It kind of scares him making his hair stand on end and heart pump against his ribs uncontrollably: This supernatural soliciting†¦ †¦Is smothered in surprise, and nothing is, But what is not. This is the effect the witches have on Macbeth during Act 1 Scene 3. The witches don’t appear for quite a while in the play but there are many other supernatural occurrences between now and then. The next one is in Act 2 Scene 1, where Macbeth sees a dagger. Probably the most famous lines in the book are in this scene when Macbeth sees a dagger on the way to kill Duncan. At first he thinks its part of his imagination: A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from my heat-oppressed brain? His brain seeing things because of all of what he’s been through, but then he tries to grab the dagger, talking to himself he thinks its real but his hand goes right through it. He says to himself: Come let me clutch thee: – I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? He starts to mock the Image in front of him saying it was trying to guide him the way he was already going although he probably wouldn’t have don it without the dagger appearing. He then sees blood on the handle of the dagger and he questions where it came from, he reckons it’s the violence of the act making him see physical shapes in this way. Macbeth thinks that his mind is playing tricks on him making him doubtful and starts to feel guilty of what he’s done to himself just to get where he is now. The dagger vanishes at the sound of a knell, which Macbeth says will summon the king, Duncan, to heaven or to hell. After Macbeth kills Duncun, Banquo gets killed in Act 3 scene 3 and the next scene has the next supernatural happening. Banquo’s ghost appears at Macbeths Banquet Macbeth prepares a banquet for him becoming king inviting all of the Thanes, Lords and some attendants. He starts by saying how disappointed he is at Banquo’s absence from the feast and asks where he’ll sit, only to find Banquo’s ghost has taken his place: To grace us with you royal company? The tables full. Here is a place reserved, Sir. Where? Here, my good lord He says that one of the lords have played a practical joke on him. When the lords rise to leave Lady Macbeth stands and say that he is usually like this and that he’ll be well enough soon, but if they stare at him then they will only prolong the fit he’s having. She asks him whether he’s a coward or not to what Macbeth replies: Ay, and a bold one, that dare look on that Which might appal the devil He is saying that what he is looking at even the devil could not bear to see therefore making him a man. Lady Macbeth seems to thinks his actions are rubbish, saying its his fear that is causing him to imagine this and that he needs to come to and be brave. When she says this the ghost disappears leaving Macbeth to stand there distraught at what he just saw. He tries to convince Lady Macbeth that there was a ghost but all she says is that his friends are growing tired of him. When Macbeth is apologising to his Lords the ghost re-enters, Macbeth asks for a drink of wine to toast to Banquo but when he turns around the ghost is there in front of him. He shouts: Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let the earth hid thee!†¦ †¦Which thou dost glare with. In this quote he is saying that there is no life in the ghost’s eyes and he wants it to be gone. Lady Macbeth says to the Lords that it is nothing out of the ordinary, and that they shouldn’t worry, it is only spoiling the feast. Macbeth then approaches the ghost saying why did you take the form of Banquo, anything but Banquo and I would’ve been fine. But if I still live in fear and trembling then you can call a feeble creature: What man dare, I dare: †¦ †¦Unreal mockery. What he means by this is that the ghost could’ve taken form apart from Banquo’s and he wouldn’t have been scared. After this the ghost disappears and Macbeth sits down saying that he is a man again now the ghost has gone. The Lords ask him what he saw but Lady Macbeth stops them saying: Question enrages him. At once, good night. They wish their majesty good health and then depart leaving Macbeth to brood upon the uncanny ways in which murders are often revealed. He also wonders why Macduff did not appear at the feast.