Warrior Leader Course Pa

December 2008 MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD SUBJECT: Warrior Leader Course Welcome Letter 1. Congratulations on your selection to attend the Warrior Leader Course at the 3rd BN, 166TH Regiment at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania. You will report between the hours of 0800 and 2200 on the ATRRS report date. 2. Effective 10 August 2006 soldiers attending WLC are still required to meet the APFT and HT/WT requirements.However, soldiers who meet academic course requirements, but fail the APFT or HT/WT standards, will be considered a course graduate under the category of marginally achieved course standards. 3. Soldiers that have returned from OIF/OEF within 90 days of reporting to WLC are required to take the APFT. However, prior to the test you will have the option to have the PT test count towards your academic average or not. Soldiers in this category need either their DD 214 or a memorandum from their commander stating that they returned from deployment with in the last 90 days. . Physical re quirements for this course are very demanding. Students must be able to pass the APFT, meet HT/WT standards, carry a 50 pound combat load, low crawl, high crawl, rush for three to five seconds, walk a minimum of 2 miles with combat load and negotiate rough terrain under varying climatic conditions. 5. Soldiers who have a permanent profile designator â€Å"3† or â€Å"4† must include a copy of their DA Form 3349 and the results of their military medical review board (MMRB) as part of their course application.Soldiers who have met the previous criteria may attend WLC and train within the limits of their permanent profile, provided they can otherwise meet course prerequisites and graduation requirements. Soldiers with temporary profiles, with the exception of shaving or nonperformance deterring profiles who have participated in OIF/ OEF can attend WLC provided they have a copy of their current profile and memorandum bearing the commanders signature stating that the tempor ary profile exists as a result of injuries during participation in OIF/ OEF.

Driving at 16

In the state of Pennsylvania you can obtain a driver’s license at 16 years of age. There are a lot of disadvantages for teens driving at that age. Statistics and research show that their brains aren’t fully develop, they don’t have enough hours or time driving under the different weather conditions, they are more prone to having accidents, and their insurance rates are high. You would think teenagers would be the world’s best drivers. Their muscles are supple and their reflexes are quick. Though car crashes are the leading cause of death more than drugs, guns, violence, or any disease. The National Institutes of Health conducted a research on brain immaturity of teenagers and how it can affect the driving and their judgment. The study shows that the region of the brain that inhibits risky behavior is not fully developed until about the age 25 which greatly impacts the nations driving laws. Here is a diagram showing how the brain matures from age 5 to 20. This just simply proves how teenagers and there lack of judgment and impulse can improve through maturity by age. Besides the maturity level of the brain of a teenager, another disadvantage is the hours driving under the wheel. They currently do not have enough hours and time driving under different weather climates to understand how that can affect maturity of their driving. In Pennsylvania, 16 year olds only have to drive for 50 hours and can obtain a junior license after 6 months of driving. So for an example you get your permit in April you can have your junior license in October. What about the winter months? That’s an important month because that’s deals with snow and ice factors. A third disadvantage for 16 year olds are accident rates are high. Teenagers are four times more likely than older drivers to be involved in a car crash and three times as likely to die in one, according to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. In 2008, PennDOT released an article on: Reminding Teen Drivers to Avoid Distractions While Driving. There was 23,059 crashes involving teenager driving and out of those crashes 194 fatalities. In 2009, Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics show there were 22,473 crashes and 186 involving fatalities. Even though the percentage has gone down a little, that’s still way too many. Too many teenagers now a days talk and text while driving, continue to eat or drink, don’t wear seat belts, listening to loud music, goofing off with their friends, and have too many friends in the car. Then what happens is you lose focus on the road, the traffic around you, and causes you to have an accident. Which will affect your driving record and your insurance rate will go even higher. Which brings me to the final reason why driving at 16 has a disadvantage is the insurance rates are high. Teenage male drivers are 3 times a higher risk than teenage female drivers. A 78% statistic shows through Bureau of Highway Safety and Traffic Engineering and Pennsylvania Department of Transportation that more teenage males tend to have accidents. They also like to race each other in streets and tend to get more driving tickets. Even though taking the driving course through your school or driving class may help it still is a high rate. Plus teenagers are under their parents insurance until they reach 18. So if the parent has an excellent driving record and the teenager is careless or has an accident this than affects the parents. Which I think is unfair. It should affect the teen not the parent. Here are some solutions to all these disadvantages for a 16 year old having a driver’s license in the state of Pennsylvania. Right away I would raise the age to 17. I would than raise the hours of driving from 50 hours to 75 to start. I would also make it that instead of 6 months to obtaining a junior driver’s license; you would have 9 to 10 months until you can obtain one. That way you can be able to learn how to drive under all weather conditions. I also feel that teenagers should only be able to drive back and forth to work like a bread and butter license until you reach a certain number of hours and your driving record is clean. Change the time frame for allowing teenagers to drive. An example would be from 6 a. m. to 10 p. m. after that someone over the age of 18 would have to drive. The number of passenger’s in a car would be changed to only allowing 1 person under the age of 18 in a car. Since you would have to be 17 now to drive, I would also make it that you can obtain your own insurance policy. Or, if you or your parents want you under their policy it would only affect you if you get into an accident or get tickets. In some counties they have passed that you can’t text or talk on a phone while driving. They should pass this everywhere. This would all help reduce the accident rates and insurance rates. It is clear that if we could get some new laws passed or raise the age, this would resolve a lot statistics of teenage driving. In return they would be more mature and would make better choices and decisions. REFERENCES: The Washington Post (2005). The Developing Brain. Retrieved from http://washingtonpost. com DMV. org (2011 September 26). Pennsylvania Teen Drivers Guide. Retrieved from http://www. dmv. org PRNewswire (2011 September 26). PennDOT Reminds Teen Drivers to Avoid Distractions While Driving. Retrieved from http://www. prnewswire. com PennDOT (2009). Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics. Retrieved from http://www. dot. state. pa. us The Daily Local (2011). Maturity Level of the Brain. Retrieved from http://www. dailylocal. com

WK 5 Strategic Philanthropy for Organizations Term Paper

WK 5 Strategic Philanthropy for Organizations - Term Paper Example Strategic Philanthropy refers to the practice of organizations in which they channel their charitable activities towards specific course that is expected to benefit their organizational objectives. In this course, philanthropy is a means used by different firms to benefit other organizations while advancing their business interests at the same time. Strategic philanthropy is associated with organizations and not individuals thus executed by the top management of organizations such as the board of directors and several departments. Philanthropy plays an important role in developing and retaining customer loyalty. According to Fioravante (2010), eighty percent of Americans are more loyal to an organization that contribute towards course that they have interest. Moreover, Valor (2007), survey demonstrated that most consumers have greater trust for companies that are associated with certain kind of social activities that give back to community. Increased customer loyalty have indirect benefits such as increased customer satisfaction, increased productivity and quality, employee commitment, profitability and reduced legal and regulatory interventions. For example, GTE greatest concerns are technology and literacy; hence the organization through its foundation distributed $30 million in 1999 (Debbie & Ferrell, 2002). Strategic philanthropy target customers’ concerns and interests in provision of resources that aim at building trust. As stated by Valor (2007), enhancing trust and acceptability among the consumers can be achieved through developing strong consumer loyalty thus gaining competitive advantage. Coca-cola has always linked its operating practices and resources with the stakeholders concerns. For example, the company has channeled not only its resources but also expertise to environmental issues. According to Debbie & Ferrell (2002), the company has provided expertise and financial support to organizations that

IRB Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IRB Proposal - Assignment Example The five survey tools include online surveys, mobile data collection surveys, face-to-face surveys, mail and telephone survey tools. A Description of The Subjects of This Study Will Include: 1.0 Sampling procedures Set rules and procedures will be established in order to have a diverse sample so that extensive and comprehensive results are achieved. The sampling procedures will include patients who have had a long history of various neurologic complications and it will also include those patients who have recently being diagnosed. Thus, this will enable the study to have a variety of subjects for a thorough understanding. The patients will be sampled from two metropolitan hospitals in order to have a diverse sample that is all inclusive of all races (Biller, 2008). 2.0 Sampling population The sample population will include all patients from all ages including the young and the old. This will enable the study to be wide and have various patients so that the sample is complete with peo ple from different age groups. It is paramount for the study to research and comprehend how induced therapeutic hypothermia impacts neurologic function and improve patients of different age groups since there has to be similarities and differences on the impact depending on the age groups (Biller, 2008). Since the sample population will be taken from two metropolitan hospitals, the sample population will be wide and diverse with patients from different backgrounds. This will be beneficial for the study in researching the impacts on different races and also the rate of response in accordance to the age, race and location of the patient. Recent research has elaborately shown that these three factors of age, race and locality of the patient greatly impact on the responses to various medical conditions (Tisherman & Sterz, 2005). 3.0 Number of subjects expected to participate The number of subjects expected to take part in the study is 200. This number was agreed on since it is quite a l arge number of subjects and it will be able to incorporate all the subjects in line with the sampling population. The 200 subjects will be from each metropolitan hospital and therefore the study will comprise of a total of 400 subjects which is humongous for a successful research. A successful study requires such a number of subjects in order to achieve reasonable and accurate results (Tisherman & Sterz, 2005). 4.0 Duration In Which Subjects Will Be Involved The subjects will be involved in the study for a period of 6 months from each metropolitan hospital. This will enable the research term to extensively conduct thorough studies on the subjects since the duration is long enough. Each metropolitan hospital will be allocated 6 months and therefore the whole study period for the subjects will be one year. This duration is adequate to fully understand and study even the minute details from a subject in regard to this research. Therefore, it is evident that the final results will be co rrect and the rate of errors will be minimal. The duration will enable the research team to have ample time to compare and contrast any similarities and differences between the subjects from the two metropolitan hospitals (Biller, 2008). 5.0 Follow-up procedures after the study After the study is over, there will be a 3 months period for following-up the subjects to see if there are any notable changes. These changes can either be positive or negative depending on the situation. Since the body is very complex, it is paramount to

Appraise Statistical Data in Conducting a Quantitative Study - Essay

Appraise Statistical Data in Conducting a Quantitative Study - Criminal Justice - Essay Example k, Ousey, Fisher & Wilcox (2012) present a vivid description of their research findings within the article â€Å"Examining What Makes Violent Crime Victims Unique: Extending Statistical Methods for Studying Specialization to the Analysis of Crime Victims†. The objective of their study was to determine if the risk factors in violent victimization are different from those that are associated with nonviolent victimization. The research findings of the statistical research reveal that victims demonstrate varied or divergent outcomes related to their attitudes and views on victimization. However, on the basis of their findings, the researchers conclude that violent victimization is a predictable tendency, which characterizes violent crime victims, within the criminal justice system. The article â€Å"Linking the Crime and Arrest Processes to Measure Variations in Individual Arrest Risk per Crime (Q)† as presented by Blumstein, Cohen, Piquero & Visher (2010) analyzes the relationship which exist between the likelihood of arrest and the number of criminal activities that a criminal perpetrates. The researchers based their research on a paradoxical hypothesis that criminals who commit more crimes are less likely to be arrested. Through statistical approaches, the researchers analyze the frequency of offenses against aggregate data on arrests. The central variables in the research by Banks, Pandiani & Boyd (2009) include mental health disorders, behavioral disorders and criminal activity. These are the independent variables that the researchers used in their study. They used these variables to determine how the mental health of women and women, who were involved in criminal activities, determined thee criminalization or diverting behavior of the criminal justice system. The researchers did so by manipulating the independent variables. The diverting and criminalization behavior of professionals within the criminal justice are the dependent variables that were measured in

Positive Effects of Balancing Government Budget Essay

Positive Effects of Balancing Government Budget - Essay Example This essay outlines the importance of maintaining a balanced government budget to the state of a national economy. Governments should balance their budget to ensure that it operates comfortably on its revenues, within its means. Government obtains revenue from three major sources. These are through direct taxes, borrowing, and printing money. When the government imposes taxes, funds from entrepreneurs, businessmen, personal incomes and capitalists are collected. These funds are channeled to the treasury, where politicians and policy makers control on how to spend in a given particular financial year. Balancing budget enables the government to set and make realist financial judgments, which are not at the expense of the taxpayers. The current global recession has drastically reduced the level of income both at individual and national levels, as a result of job losses and shrinking of major markets. Balancing government budget would be beneficial in a number of ways. It would enable the government to control and critically analyze its spending. This will enable it to prioritize on the most important sectors, for example health, education, housing, security and welfare of workers. This would cushion these key areas from incurring budgetary deficits during periods of financial crises. Balancing government budget just as in personal budgets encourages utilization of resources more wisely. The government owes the taxpayers an obligation to use their money on provision of certain goods and services.

SHORT written assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SHORT written - Assignment Example Trojans for example are capable of disabling antivirus software and removing firewalls exposing your computer to serious risks. Spywares are capable of causing your computer to crash as well as collecting personal information and changing configuration settings. These threats are designed to gather information from users that are mainly used to commit fraud and identity theft (Turner & Gelles 2003). There are various methods can be used by organizations to identify threats and act on them before they can cause damages. Primarily, the organization can establish a corporate policy to only allow approved devices on the network and to have those devices running on the latest version of antivirus. Secondly, the policy should allow only the administrators to install and run applications. Thirdly, the organization can invest in software tools that aid in auditing computer activity and detecting the presence of tampering and damage. Lastly, the organization should make computer security education a prerequisite to any computer user. This will help users to know how best to protect their systems and detect any unusual

European law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

European law - Assignment Example 12). Facts Roberto Grenades has dual citizenship, namely Spanish and American. As per the Nationality Act of the UK, a person can have dual citizenship, but nationality will be decided on the basis of his place of habitual residence. Roberto Grenades spent most of his time in New York. However, he and his gay partner Quang Phuc, had shifted to Madrid from the US, four years ago. Their registered civil partnership had been recognized under Spanish law. In 2010, Roberto obtained work in London, as a helper in a Buddhist temple. However, the UK Government suspected that the organisation behind this temple was being funded by a terrorist organisation. Hence, they asked Roberto to leave the UK, as he was not an EU citizen and as he had links with terrorist organisations. In addition, Quang was also asked by the UK Government to leave the nation, as he would not be considered a family member of Roberto. Moreover, he had been convicted previously for the possession of illegal drugs. Issues Whether Roberto can claim the rights of permanent residence under the provisions of EU law. Whether Quang can claim family residential rights against the UK government. Rule of Law Continuous legal residence for five years in the host EU nation is sufficient entitlement for permitting a person to reside in that nation on a permanent basis. This right is derived directly from the EU law (European Commission , 2010). Citizens of the European Union (EU) are strictly those who are nationals of the Member States of the EU. This status can be achieved by a national of a third country, only by procuring the nationality of a Member State (Handoll, 2003, p. 12). Entry or residence could be refused to a family member on grounds of public policy, internal security or public health (Europa, 2011). Analysis Council Directive 2003/86/EC of 22nd September 2003, states that the spouse of the sponsor and the minor children of the couple are eligible for family reunification. Minor children, in this context, refers to children whose age is less than the legal age of majority in the concerned Member State. Moreover, one of the members of the couple is eligible for family reunification, if that person has custody and the children, including adopted children, are dependent on that person (Europa, 2011). Furthermore, a Member State can authorise, under certain circumstances, the family reunification of first degree ascendants in the direct line, unmarried children who are not minors, and unmarried partners. The concerned individual could be required to have accommodation that satisfied the general health and safety norms, sickness insurance, and stable resources that are sufficient to maintain that person and the members of that individual’s family. In addition, that person may be required to comply with the integration measures enjoined by the national law. Moreover, it may be necessary for that person to have been living in that Member State for some specific period of tim e up to a maximum of 2 years, prior to unification with the family members. Entry or residence could be refused to a family member on grounds of public policy, internal security or public health (Europa, 2011). In our problem, Roberto had been ordered by the UK government to leave the nation due to the suspicion that he had ties with terrorist organisations. He cannot plead for long term residency rights in the EU Member States, because he has moved to EU

Interest Group Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interest Group Politics - Essay Example Something must have really happened but the truth could only be revealed by those considered not useful in the industry but they indeed have a lot of underground information. Blaming the failure to effectively control the smoking of cigarettes in the US on politics as suggested by Sapolsky is entirely wrong and short sighted. Even though there is huge political influence from the politicians that is not entirely the reason cigarette smoking is still persistent in the US (Sapolsky 8). The author of this article would have explored the profits the companies make and how the market is widely providing taxes and hence the protection and control is coming from people with much more influence and more money than the politicians. There are many people with vested interest in continuation of cigarette smoking. In as much as large organizations can move directly and not through lobbyist, their success rate compared to that of organizations (no matter how minor) that use lobby groups to advocate for changes in congress is way higher (Hojnacki and David 778). The article by Hojnacki and Kimball would have been more convincing if they had indicated figures on the success rate of such major organizations because research about lobbyists suggest

Self introductory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self introductory - Essay Example The inclination towards radios roots from my passion for music. When I was younger, I took it upon myself to ensure family functions were kept lively through music. Over time, family gatherings held at our house became the most famous as everyone attended. I discovered that music helps me unwind and lighten up after a long day. Particularly, I have a taste for soft rock and neo-soul. Whenever I’m angry, I am certain that listening to some music will calm me down. In high school I formed a group with some of my friends where we would meet and practice dance moves whilst playing loud music. We found this relieved stress especially after exams; also it provided a form of exercise. I endeavor to remain healthy and fit therefore I go for swimming from time to time. During my high school holidays, I volunteered as a swimming instructor at the public pools. This gave me an opportunity to interact with new people and perfect my swimming. I am a reclusive person so this allowed me to work on social skills. I hope to further improve them through this course as I believe it will teach me to understand myself first and then others. Moreover, in terms of behaviorisms I hope to adopt proper habits that will make me an approachable person. As a future engineer, I hope that this course will inculcate a sense of ethical duty to the users of whichever products that I shall participate in manufacturing. This is because it is clear that laws do not encompass all ethical choices, one need to have a personal sense of ethical obligation. I believe that this course will provide the necessary framework to recognize situations of such kind and deal with them appropriately. I acknowledge that I will be faced with ‘gray’ areas that would require prudence. I anticipate to learn and apply such a virtue and that the course will involve application of real life situations. Furthermore, I look forward

Evolution and History of Cooking Essay Example for Free

Evolution and History of Cooking Essay The value of history is that it helps us to understand the present and the future. In food service, knowledge of our professional heritage helps us to see why we do things as we do, how our cooking techniques have developed and refined and how we can continue to develop and innovate in the years ahead. THE EGYPTIANS: †¢ First recorded instance of inn-keeping †¢ Generally managed by mother and father operations †¢ Most food was from their own gardens and flocks †¢ Meals consisted of mainly dates, figs, apricots, fish, chicken, duck, onions and red cabbage. †¢ Cooking media was largely olive oil. †¢ Poorer inns served predominantly ‘pulses’ that is soups made from a base of lentils. THE GREEKS: †¢ Ancient Greeks were the next who left written and pictorial records of eating, drinking and sleeping away from home †¢ Culinary world owes much of its knowledge to the Greeks †¢ Almost all of the foods purchased and prepared today, as well as many types of beverages, both alcoholic and non-alcoholic were used during middle and Late Greek times. †¢ The oldest cookbook preserved today is that of â€Å"Apicius† written sometime between400 BC and 100 AD depending upon the historical source. †¢ This book contains not only detailed instructions for preparing the cuisine of that day, but also rigid specifications for purchasing foodstuffs †¢ The art and cookery then spread to the Roman chefs of that day who were both negatively as well as positively motivated to learn the art of cooking food. †¢ The Greeks are also credited for developing the first comprehensive set of kitchen utensils and equipment †¢ Tools like frying pans, sauce pans, colanders, Bain Marie and butcher’s knives are being used even today. THE ROMANS: †¢ During this time, a group of scholars were sent to Greece to study literature and arts, including culinary arts †¢ Many of the finest Greek chefs were lured away and were treated as professionals worthy of the highest respect and esteem. †¢ The best of Greek culinary achievements were brought to Rome and were integrated into the Roman culture. THE FRENCH: †¢ The marriage of Catherine de Medici to King Henry has brought a whole battalion of Florentine cooks to France. †¢ In the 17th and 18th Century, the Royalty and high ranking people started taking great interest in foods and the cooks in gratitude started naming the dishes after them. †¢ By the end of the 19th century, French culinary art reached its peak, the highest point of perfection. †¢ Chefs like Escoffier and Prosper Salles etc published books on cookery, which had fat reaching importance and are known throughout the world today. †¢ France’s contribution to the international culinary repertoire is well known and has bestowed her own names on the majority of dishes creating technical terminology of international usage. †¢ Every ingredient speaks its own language. The most important role is to use only the best and perfect ingredients and proper blend of colour and taste of ingredients. †¢ Garnishes and accompaniments play a key role in French cuisine and dishes are identified by them. CHINESE COOKING: †¢ Chinese culture is the oldest continuous civilization in the world. †¢ In china, friendship and food are inseparably linked, a gathering without food is considered incomplete and improper. †¢ One thousand years ago, before BC, they were already experimenting with fancy cooking, recording their recipes on silk and bamboo. †¢ Considered the best in the Eastern world, they have been gastronomically courageous, setting no limits to their experiments. †¢ They put everything edible to use, finding wonderful ways to utilize strange plants and roots like lily buds, bamboo shoots, jasmine etc. †¢ Strong sense of artistry is expressed in Chinese cooking. †¢ Chinese cooking needs the shortest time, uses intense heat sealing the juices and preserving colour and texture. †¢ Regional cuisines of China include: Cantonese, Sichuan, Hunan, Fukien and Xhanhung. INDIAN COOKING: †¢ Indian cuisine can be said to have evolved along lines parallel to Indian history †¢ Bhima, the Pandava prince and Nala, a King in Hindu Mythology have been acclaimed to be the best chefs. †¢ Strong impact made on Indian cuisine was during the reign of Moghals in the 16th Century, who were fond of good living, eating and cooking. †¢ The regional dishes are influenced in different parts of India by religion, caste and old traditions and customs. †¢ The preparations of various dishes are handed over from one generation to the next †¢ Indian cuisine can be broadly classified into North Indian and South Indian Cuisines.

Business Ethics in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics in Bangladesh Essay Social responsibility requires individuals engaging in business endeavors to behave in an ethical manner. Ethics are principles of behavior that distinguish between right and wrong. Ethical conduct conforms to what a group or society as a whole considers right behavior. People working in business frequently face ethical questions. Business ethics is the evaluation of business activities and behavior as right or wrong. Ethical standards in business are based on commonly accepted principles of behavior established by the expectations of society, the firm, the industry, and an individual’s personal values. Critically, Business Ethics can be defined as the critical, structured examination of how people institutions should behave in the world of commerce. In particular, it involves examining appropriate constraints on the pursuit of self-interest, or (for firms) profits, when the actions of individuals or firms affects others. (9) With unethical business practices often receiving publicity, the public sometimes believe that people in business are less ethical than others in society. But ethical problems challenge all segments of our society, including government, churches, and higher education. Most business leaders realize their firms cannot succeed without the trust of customers and the goodwill of society. A violation of ethics makes trust and goodwill difficult to maintain. In thousands of companies, executives and employees act according to the highest ethical standards. Unfortunately managers in some firms behave unethically, and these instances are often highly publicized. Personnel executive say the major reason managers behave unethically is to obtain power and money. Business ethics is a wider term that includes many other sub ethics that are relevant to the respective field. For example there is marketing ethics for marketing, ethics in HR for Human Resource Department and the like. Business ethics itself is a part of applied ethics; the latter takes care of ethical questions in the technical, social, legal and business ethics. Origin of Business Ethics When we trace the origin of business ethics we start with a period where profit maximization was seen as the only purpose of existence for a business. There was no consideration whatsoever for non-economic values, be  it the people who worked with organizations or the society that allowed the business to flourish. It was only in late 1980’s and 1990’s that both intelligentsia and the academics as well as the corporate began to show interest in the same. Nowadays almost all organizations lay due emphasis on their responsibilities towards the society and the nature and they call it by different names like corporate social responsibility, corporate governance or social responsibility charter. Primary and Important Sources of Business ethics Ethics in general refers to a system of good and bad, moral and immoral, fair and unfair. It is a code of conduct that is supposed to align behaviors within an organization and the social framework. But the question that remains is, where and when did business ethics come into being? Primarily ethics in business is affected by the following sources – family, religion, culture, legal system, codes of conduct, and personal experience. It is for this reason we do not have uniform or completely similar standards across the globe. These factors exert influences to varying degrees on humans which ultimately get reflected in the ethics of the organization. For example, ethics followed by Grameen Phone Ltd. are different from those followed by Square Group or Unilever for that matter. Again ethical procedures vary across geographic boundaries. Family A person’s values is the source of their ethics, and it is their philosophy, spiritual or religious beliefs that usually help mold and shape those values, but most of all it is how a person is raised by his family that sets the foundation for his ethics in later life. It’s the basic source of business ethics. Religion It is one of the oldest foundations of ethical standards. Religion wields varying influences across various sects of people. It is believed that ethics is a manifestation of the divine and so it draws a line between the good and the bad in the society. Depending upon the degree of religious influence we have different sects of people; we have sects, those who are referred to as orthodox or fundamentalists and those who are called as moderates. Needless to mention, religion exerts itself to a greater degree among the orthodox and to lesser extent in case of moderates. Fundamentally however all the religions operate on the principle of reciprocity towards ones fellow beings! Culture Culture is a pattern of behaviors and values that are transferred from one generation to another, those that are considered as ideal or within the acceptable limits. No wonder therefore that it is the culture that predominantly determines what is wrong and what is right. It is the culture that defines certain behavior as acceptable and others as unacceptable. Human civilization is fact has passed through various cultures, wherein the moral code was redrafted depending upon the epoch that was. What was immortal or unacceptable in certain culture became acceptable later on and vice versa. During the early years of human development where ones who were the strongest were the ones who survived! Violence, hostility and ferocity were thus the acceptable. Approximately 10,000 year ago when human civilization entered the settlement phase, hard work, patience and peace were seen as virtues and the earlier ones were considered otherwise. These values are still in practice by the managers of to day. Still further, when human civilization witnessed the industrial revolution, the ethics of agrarian economy was replaced by the law pertaining to technology, property rights etc. Ever since a tussle has ensued between the values of the agrarian and the industrial economy! Laws or Legal System of a Country Laws are procedures and code of conduct that are laid down by the legal system of the state. They are meant to guide human behavior within the social fabric. The major problem with the law is that all the ethical expectations cannot be covered by the law and specially with ever changing outer environment the law and specially with ever changing outer environment the law keeps on changing but often fails to keep pace. In business, complying with the rule of law is taken as ethical behavior, but organizations often break laws by evading taxes, compromising on quality,  service norms etc. Business Codes of Conduct A business code of ethics is a series of established principles an organization uses when operating in business or society. Organizations often develop these codes to ensure that all individuals working in the company operate according to the same standards. Most individuals have an internal code of ethics or moral principles they follow in life. A situation one individual finds ethically reprehensible may not seem so to another individual. Using a code of ethics in business attempts to create a basic understanding of acceptable ethical behavior to be used when handling situations involving the company, government agencies and the general public. Past Experience If an individual is rewarded or is not punished for behaving unethically, the behavior will probably be repeated. This type of experience encourages other to do unethical things in future. Likewise the threat of punishment and the lack of reward for unethical activities encourage that particular person and all others to behave ethically. Factors Influencing Ethical Behavior To encourage ethical behavior, executives, managers, and owners of firms must understand what influences behavior in the first place. The several factors that affect individuals’ behavior in business: the business environment, organizational factors, and an individual’s personal moral philosophy. The Business Environment Almost daily, business managers face ethical dilemmas resulting from the pressure of the business environment. They are challenged to meet sales quotas, cut costs, increase efficiency, or overtake competitors. Managers and employees may sometimes think the only way to survive in the competitive world of business is by deception or cheating. In some instances, an organization may use someone else’s successful work without the permission of the owner or originator. Conflict of interest is another common ethical problem stemming from the business environment. Often an individual has a  chance to further selfish interests rather than the interests of the organization or society. To gain favor with people who make purchasing decisions for their companies, a seller may offer special favors or gifts, ranging from a metal to clothing to trips. Some offer cash-a kickback-for putting through a contract or placing orders with a company. Others offer bribes. Such illegal conduct will damage the organization in the long run. In order to limit unethical behavior, business firms must begin by expecting their employees to obey all laws and regulations. The international business environment presents further ethical dilemmas. Business people and government officials in different countries and cultures often operate according to different ethical standards. The Organization The organization itself also influences ethical behavior. Individuals often learn ethical or unethical behaviors by interacting with others in the organization. An employee who sees a superior or co-worker behaving unethically may follow suit. An organization can also use rewards to influence the behavior of its members. If an individual is rewarded or is not punished for behaving unethically, the behavior will probably be repeated. Likewise the threat of punishment and the lack of reward for unethical activities encourage ethical behavior. The severity of punishment also sends a message to other individuals who might be considering similar activities. The Individual Values A person’s own moral philosophy also influences his or her ethical behavior. A moral philosophy is the set of principles that dictate acceptable behavior. These principles are learned from family, friends, co-workers, and other social groups and through formal education. In developing a moral philosophy, individuals can follow two approaches: The Humanistic Philosophy focuses on individual rights and values. Individuals and organizations adopting this philosophy would honor their moral duties to customers and workers. Individuals and organizations following the Utilitarian Philosophy seek the greatest good for the largest number of people. Importance of Business Ethics Most of us would agree that it is ethics in practice that makes sense; just having it carefully drafted and redrafted in books may not serve the purpose. Of course all of us want to be fair, clean and beneficial to the society. For that to happen, organizations need to abide by ethics or rule of law, engage themselves in fair practices and competition; all of which will benefit the consumer, the society and organization. Primarily it is the individual, the consumer, the employee or the human social unit of the society who benefits from ethics. In addition ethics is important because of the following: 1. Satisfying Basic Human Needs: Being fair, honest and ethical is one of the basic human needs.  Every employee desires to be such himself and to work for an organization that is fair and ethical in its practices. 2. Creating Credibility: An organization that is believed to be driven by moral values is respected in the society even by those who may have no information about the working and businesses of that organization. British American Tobacco, for example is perceived as an organization for good corporate governance and social responsibility initiatives. This perception is held far and wide even by those who do not even know what business the organization is into. 3. Uniting People and Leadership: An organization driven by values is revered by its employees also. They are the common thread that brings the employees and the decision makers on a common platform. This goes a long way in aligning behaviors within the organization towards achievement of one common goal or mission. 4. Improving Decision Making: A man’s destiny is the sum totals of all the decisions that he/she takes in course of his life. The same holds true for organizations. Decisions are driven by values. For example, an organization that does not value competition will be fierce in its operations aiming to wipe out its competitors and establish a monopoly in the market. 5. Long Term gains: Organizations guided by ethics and values are profitable in the long run, though in the short run they may seem to lose money. For Example, Tata group, one of the largest business conglomerates in India was  seen on the verge of decline at the beginning of 1990’s, which soon turned out to be otherwise. The same company’s Tata NANO car was predicted as a failure, and failed to do well but the same is picking up fast now. 6. Securing the Society: Often ethics succeeds law in safeguarding the society. The law machinery is often found acting as a mute spectator, unable to save the society and the environment. Technology, for example is growing at such a fast pace that the by the time law comes up with a regulation we have a newer technology with new threats replacing the older one. Lawyers and public interest litigations may not help a great deal but ethics can. Business Ethics- Practice in Bangladesh In Bangladesh, though practice of Business ethics is still not so commendable in public sector and small companies, but business ethics has been an increasing concern among larger companies, at least since the 1990s. Major corporations increasingly fear the damage to their image associated with press revelations of unethical practices. The following information about the functions relating ethics and social responsibility of 2 reputed companies of our country will give a brief idea about the practice of Business Ethics in Bangladesh. ACI Limited Advanced Chemical Industries (ACI) Limited is one of the leading conglomerates in Bangladesh, with a multinational heritage. They have a mission to achieve business excellence through quality by understanding, accepting, meeting and exceeding customer expectations. They follow International Standards on Quality Management System to ensure consistent quality of products and services to achieve customer satisfaction. They are focusing on improving the food habit of consumers through providing more ready to cook products and ready to eat as well. Their visions are to establish harmonious relationship with the community and promote greater environmental responsibility within its sphere of influence. Their Values are Quality, Customer Focus, Fairness, Transparency, Continuous Improvement, and Innovation. Ethical Approaches: Societal Development through Educational Programs: ACI’s guiding principle in all its operations is to be a responsible corporate citizen. Thus Social Responsibility is a top priority for every individual at ACI. Their Initiatives and significant contribution to societal development is Continued Medical Education (CME) for medical professionals and Children’s Education Programs. ACI has also undertaken an English Education program in Faridpur, one of the remotest districts of Bangladesh. This provides support to teach English Language to school going children. Doctors in Bangladesh who are not living in the metropolitan cities have very limited access to the Internet or any other sources of information. In order to keep them updated on the developments in the medical practices regularly, the CME program has been proven highly effective. ACI believes that by promoting education of children, they are contributing to societal development by shaping the minds of their futur e leaders. Environment Friendly Practices: ACI has undertaken extensive programs to educate crop farmers all over rural Bangladesh in Good Agricultural Practices. They have a team of agricultural experts working at the field level all across the country, holding a range of technical trainings and field demonstrations. ACI also has similar education programs for animal and poultry farmers. These include, Technical trainings on diverse aspects of farming, and on application of new technologies, Farmers‘ group meeting for sharing of learning and experience, Free visits to farms by veterinarians, to identify problems and give advices to individual farmers. Most importantly, making the farmers aware of ways to protect the environment from hazardous uses of chemicals on their farms, allowing them the opportunity for informed decision-making. ACI hopes to continue to play a leading role in promoting greater environmental responsibility among farmers in Bangladesh. Unethical Approaches: ACI Company produces some products which do not work properly, like ACI Aerosol. It is mainly produced for killing mosquitoes, but that’s not true. Most of the mosquitoes go away for sometimes but not killed. Sometimes some  products like ACI Atta, ACI Maida, etc contains 1975 grams instead of 2000 grams but they fix their prices for 2kg of the products. These are unethical for their marketing practices. Unilever Bangladesh Limited Over the last four decades, Unilever Bangladesh has been constantly bringing new and world class products for the Bangladeshi people to remove the daily drudgery of life. Over 90% of the country’s households use one or more of Unilever products. They aim to give everybody a little something to celebrate about themselves every day. They believe that to succeed in business, it is essential to maintain the highest standards of corporate behavior towards everyone they work with, the communities they touch, and the environment on which they have an impact. Ethical Approaches: Effective Code of business principles: Their code of business principles describes the operational standards that everyone at Unilever follows, wherever they are in the world. It also supports their approach to governance and corporate responsibility. Code of business principles are- Standard of conduct, Obey the law, employees, consumers, shareholders, business partners, community involvement, public activities, the environment, innovation, competition, business integrity, conflict of interest, compliance, reporting, monitor. Women Development and Women Empowerment: Unilever strongly believes in the importance of empowering women in Bangladesh, because the progress of any society will be constrained if a significant part of its population is neglected and excluded from the benefits of development. They believe, with economic and educational empowerment, women can become more vocal about their rights and become stronger in withstanding repression in any form. So they have established â€Å"Fair Lovely Foundation†. The mission of this foundation is to encourage economic empowerment of Bangladeshi women through information and resources in the areas of Education, Career and Enterprise. It is this realization that has brought about the Fair Lovely Foundation Scholarship Program. Under this scholarship scheme, women who have passed their HSC each receives a Taka 25,000 scholarship to support her tertiary level education. Unethical Approaches: Unilever produces Fair lovely fairness cream, lotion, etc and they claim that skin color will be white after using this product. But that it is not true. There are no scientific values about whiteness. This is totally unethical performance in marketing activities of this company. Comparative Customer Evaluation on Ethical Performances of 3 Reputed Companies of Bangladesh Figure Customer Response on Maintenance of Ethical Procedure by the Companies (1) Figure Customer Response on Deceptive Practices Used by the Companies (1) Figure Customer Response on Significant Contribution toward Ethical Marketing (1) Figure Customer Response on Satisfaction through Using Products of the Companies (1) Figure Customer Response on Changing of Defective Products by the Companies (1) Bribery Nepotism- A Curse against Ethical Practice Corruption is a very strong example of unethical behavior and it is still prevailing in different business sectors of our country in the form of Bribery and Nepotism. Nepotism is the way in which someone approaches and compels a person of power and authority to take necessary steps to get his work done by capitalizing kinship, friendship or political lobbying. Bribery means offering gifts, money etc. to get a work done in unethical way. Often public officers are infamously alleged for taking bribes to award public contracts using their power. Bribery and Nepotism also exist in the corporate world, which is very harmful for ethical practices and creates hindrances in building proper and ethical business environment. Managing or Encouraging Ethical Behavior Managing the financial operations of a company can be a complex effort. Companies need to balance their desire to grow with the realities of maintaining their financial relationships, satisfying their investors and making a profit. Government Regulations: The government can do so by legislating more stringent regulations. But, rules require enforcement and when in many cases there is evidence of lack of enforcement even the ethical business person will tend to slip something by without getting caught. Increased regulation may help, but it surely cannot solve the entire business ethics problems. Trade Associations Setting Guidelines: Trade associations can and often do provide ethical guidelines for their members. These organizations within particular industries are in an excellent position to exert pressures on members that stoop to questionable business practices. Companies Providing Code of Ethics: Employees can more easily determine and adopt acceptable behavior when companies provide them with a code of ethics. Such codes are perhaps the most effective way to encourage ethical behavior. A code of ethics is a written guide to acceptable and ethical behavior that outlines uniform policies, standards and punishments for violations. Because employees know what is expected of them and what will happen if they violate the rules, a code of ethics goes a long way towards encouraging ethical behavior. However, codes cannot possibly cover every situation. Companies must also create an environment in which employees recognize the importance of complying with the written code. Managers must provide direction by fostering communication, actively modeling and encouraging ethical decision making, apart from investing in training employees to make ethical decisions. Whistle Blowing Technique: Sometimes, even employees who want to act ethically may find it difficult to do so. Unethical practices can become ingrained in an organization. Employees with high personal ethics may then take a controversial step called whistle blowing. Whistle blowing is informing the press or government officials about unethical practices in an organization. Whistle blowing could have averted disaster and prevented  needless deaths in the Challenger space shuttle disaster, for example. How could employees have known about life-threatening problems and let them pass? Whistle blowing on the other hand, can have serious repercussions for employees; those who make waves sometimes lose their jobs. Conclusion The main objective of business is to serve people with their every need for the well-being of human being and to ensure that, there is no alternative of following business ethics. Since the practice of business ethics in our country is still not ubiquitous, we are not getting the proper environment for the business, and thus often we are facing some crisis situation and it is hampering our total economic development. Our policy makers and the top executives of the organizations should give more concern in making ethical policies and take proper steps to encourage business executives and service holders to follow them. References 1) â€Å"Ethics In Marketing On Bangladesh Perspective: Study on Few Companies of Bangladesh†- collected from â€Å"World Journal of Management Volume 2. Number 2. September 2010†, the direct link- http://wbiaus.org/10.%20Tajmeela-FINAL.pdf 2) â€Å"Business for the 21st Century†- Skinner Ivancevich 3) â€Å"An Integrated Approach to Business Studies† (4th edition)- Bruce R Jewell 4) â€Å"Business Studies† (4th edition)- Dave Hall-Rob Jones-Carlo Raffo- Alain Anderton 5) www.managementstudyguide.com 6) www.smallbusiness.chron.com 7) www.cwafford.conveycontent.com 8) www.sagepub.com/upm-data/10923_Chapter1.pdf 9) www.businessethics.ca/definitions/business-ethics.html

The Horror Story Of Domestic Evil

The Horror Story Of Domestic Evil Sredni Vashtar is a short and a horror story that is written by Hector Hugh Munro (Saki). When a reader reads this story a feeling of horror and fear comes to mind. The words that Sakis used in Sredni Vashtar are very dynamic and makes you feel that this child, Conradin, react like an adult in the story and not like a child ten years old. In this research paper I write about the title of the story Sredni Vashtar as a polecat-ferret, as a religion and what Conradin believes about this, about Sakis life that is reflected in his stories. Also, I write about the relationship that Conradin had with his strict cousin and guardian Mrs De Ropp, and about the setting that the story is represented. Through all this, we are going to see the domestic evil that Saki wants to show us through this story. Sredni Vashtar is a short story that is written between 1900 and 1914. The story is about a 10 year old boy called Conradin, the main character of the story. The doctor pronounced that he would not live another five years. The boy lives with his strict cousin and guardian Mrs De Ropp. Conradin founds a new religion for himself, a polecat-ferret, that he calls Sredni Vashtar, a vengeful and merciless god. Conradin keeps in a cage the Sredni Vashtar and Mrs De Ropp disnt know anyrhing about this. The story is comes to the end when Mrs De Ropp aims to discover what Conradin keeps from her (the God, the new religion that Conradin discover) and when she finds it, then she died. At the end when Mrs De Ropp died, Conradin believes that this happen because Sredni Vashtar helps to happen this and he was happy for this end. We can understand this through the last sentence of the story that Sakis writes Conradin made himself another piece of toast. (Sredni Vashtar,Saki) Through this we can unde rstand what he feels about her and that he didnt care if Mrs De Ropp died. As Byrne writes in his essay Conradin responds to the death of his guardian with great sangfroid, giving himself the rare pleasure of slowly buttering himself a second slice of toast. From this reaction of Conradin not to care of the death of his guardian give us the idea of one child that suffered a lot of his strict guardian and also this feeling that he had of happiness and now will live in a better way. According to Byrne that writes Already he is stronger, making choices for himself, enjoying simple but sensual pleasures, and entering into the life his guardian denied him. Authors life is reflected in their works. Many authors in the world take the important events and periods in their lives and write them in their books or in their stories. One of this authors is Hector Hugh Munro ( pseudonym Saki ). Saki was born in 1870 in Akyab, Burma, son of Scotsman Charles Augustus Munro, an inspector-general in the Burma police and his mother, Mary Frances who died in an accident in England. He had a brother Charles and a sister Ethel. Saki is a Scottish author of the Edwardian era, often referred to us of the master of short stories. Saki is a master of short stories and we can see this through his many short stories that he writes. Saki takes an important event in his life and write in, on one of his famous short stories Sredni Vashtar . When Saki was young and his mother died , they sent him with his brother and sister to Broadgate Villa, in Pilton village near Barnstaple, North Devon. They were looked by his grandmother and by his two strict aunts , Charlotte and Augusta . According to the article An authors life is reflected in their works write that Living with them was a nightmare for Saki , as he often took revenge on them when he was little , just like Conradin in Sredni Vashtar. Also, Saki love and cared for wild animals and this we can see it in a lot of his famous short stories. The title of the story Sredni Vashtar is refer to the polecat-ferret that Conradin keeps in a cage and is the new religion that Conradin believes that he finds. This ferret symbolizes Conradins fight for freedom and his capacity for violence. In the story it is described as a lithe, sharp-fanged beast (Sredni Vashtar, Saki) and Conradin himself was dreadfully afraid (Sredni Vashtar, Saki) of it. Conradin believes that Sredni Vashtar can do anything for him and this is the reason that he believes in this polecat-ferret. He believes that whatever happen at the house, good or bad , is because of Sredni Vashtar. We can see this from the story à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. when Mrs De Ropp suffered from acute toothache for three days, Conradin kept up the festival during the entire three days, and almost succeeded in persuading himself that Sredni Vashtar was personally responsible for the toothache. (Sredni Vashtar, Saki) From this sentence we can understand how Conradin sees this polecat-ferret and also how he suffers from his strict guardian. He suffers, because when he did festival party when his guardian was sick this mean, that she didnt react to him good and now Conradin finds the opportunity to feels happy of what she had. Also, we can understand how Conradin believes in this new religion that he discover. This religion that Conradin discover through his polecat-ferret starts when in the story he had Houdan hen and Mrs De Ropp take it away and from that time he starts believes to Sredni Vashtar. Furthermore, in the story we find a phrase that Conradin always say when he wants his polecat-ferret to help him with something. Do one thing for me, Sredni Vashtar. From this phrase we can understand that Conradin wants Sredni Vashtar to do something for him, but we cant understand what he wants, until the end of the story when his strict guardian died and we can understand that this is what Conradin wants. Saki again used in his story something from his life in this story and in a lot of his short stories we can see this. He used animals and as we know he loved animals in his life and tried to use them with different ways in every story. In Sredni Vashtar he used the polecat ferret as an evil, as the new religion that Conradin discover. According to Maxey this theme are the semi-deified, titular ferret in Sredni Vashtar, who appears to understand human desires. With this phrase I agree, because Saki in this story shows us that an animal can understand what the humans wants and here Conradin wants his strict cousin to die and Sredni Vashatar did this at the end of the story and kills Mrs De Ropp. But I dont believe that the polecat-ferret that Conradin calls Sredni Vashtar, kills Mrs De Ropp because Conradin wants but because the ferret was kept in a cage and when Mrs De Ropp finds the animal attacked to her and kills her. As Maxey writes in his essay each story is named after its anim al protagonist-and each story takes the creatures side. This happen in Sakis stories, that gives name to his story through the animals that he used in the stories. Another example from Sakis fiction, to give the title of his story through the name of animal that he used in the story is the short story Louis that published in the book The toys of piece in 1923. In the story Conradin hates his guardian and prays for her death to Sredni Vashtar. In the story we can find words that show that Conradin hates his strict cousin and one of this is when he said that hated her with a desperate sincerity. (Sredni Vashtar, Saki) The relationship that Conradin had with his guardian was not good as we see that Conradin hates her but as we find in the story Mrs De Ropp in her honestest moments, have confussed to herself that she disliked Conradin. With the words that Saki used in his story to describe what Conradin feels about Mrs De Ropp leaves the reader in no doubt about what he feels and shows to the reader an unpleasant side of his character. This part of the story that Conradin not want his strict guardian and do all this, we can say that Saki give us an event from his life, when he was looked up by his two strict aunts and if we compare it this, we can say that Saki is an author that writes stories through his own life. Mrs De Ropp, maybe she repr esents one of the two strict aunts of Saki and this was the reason that writes this story. Through this point, maybe he wants to give a message of what he leaves in his life with his two strict aunts. In the story, when Mrs De Ropp start look of what Conradin kept from her, Conradin began to chant loudly the hymn of his threatened idol: Sredni Vashtar went forth, His thoughts were red thoughts and his teeth were white. His enemies called for peace, but he brought them death. Sredni Vashtar the Beautiful. (Sredni Vashtar, Munro) This was the first time through the story that we read the hymn that Conradin writes. Sakis write this and make the reader to feels very strange when reads the story, and also feels fear of what is going to happen at the end of the story. The story is appropriately named, since the beautiful deadly beast is at its center, taking the place of the beautiful, sometimes feral, youths who are the objects of aesthetic or erotic attention in other stories as Byrne says. Byrne wants to say that this strange polecat-ferret becomes beautiful to Conradin eyes. Moreover, in the story when Sakis wants to give emphasis, to writes something about Mrs De Ropp he used the word Woman with the letter W in big letters. In the story we find this when Mrs De Ropp start to looking about what Conradin kept from her. Conradin shut his lips tight, but the Woman ransacked his bedroom till she found the carefully hidden key or when he writes He saw the Woman enter, and then imagined her opening the doorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ With this way Sakis tries to show us the difference that the two main characters had. The setting of the story is important because Sakis description of the garden reflects the lack of affection between Conradin and Mrs De Ropp. The image that Sakis used in his essay of the few fruit trees that it contained were set jealously apart from his plucking (Sredni Vashtar, Saki) wants to suggest that nothing enjoyable and positive is kept away of him. Conradins story is for himself alone. According to Byrne who writes that his imagination has been all that has sustained him during a long and lonely imprisonment. This we can see it from the story that Sakis writes one of these days Conradin supposed he would succumb to the mastering pressure of wearisome necessary things-such as illness and coddling restrictions and drawn-our dullness. Without his imagination, which was rampant under the spur of loneliness, he would have succumbed long ago. (Sredni Vashtar, Saki) Conradin in the story was alone and I believe that sometimes feels loneliness. Through all this that I wrote, we can see how Sakis life is reflected a lot in his famous short stories and how through an animal we can see this domestic evil that Sakis tries to do through the story Sredni Vashtar. Finally, according to Byrne that close her essay with an excellent sentence about Sakis stories that says about his work I will close my research paper The weakest of Sakis stories depend upon a punchline or last paragraph reversal. The strongest combine instant characterization, wit, tension, shock, great humor, and pathos.

Euthanasia Essay example -- essays research papers fc

LEGALIZATION OF PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE I. Beginning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. â€Å" Whose life is it, anyway?† These were the words of the late Sue Rodrigues, a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  high-profile, terminally-ill resident of British Columbia, Canada, who suffered   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  from ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease). She was helped to commit suicide by a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  physician in violation of Canadian Law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Most people in North America die what may be called a bad death. One study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  found that â€Å" More often than not, patients died in pain, their desires concerning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  treatment neglected, after spending 10 days or more in the intensive care unit. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C. I believe that because so many people are dying so painfully, there are more reasons   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  or physician-assisted suicide to be legal than not. II. Middle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Physician-Assisted Suicide is:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1. a form of euthanasia in which a doctor gives access to a person the means to kill him   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  or herself   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. A Physician is:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1. a doctor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C. Steps in the process and methods of Physician-Assisted Suicide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1. There are three ways:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. One method is Dr. Jack Kevorkian’s â€Å"Suicide Machine. In this process,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the patient must first activate it by pushing a button. Then, three solutions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  are injected in order; first, a harmless saline, then, a sleep-inducing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ative, and finally the lethal drug.   &n... ...Home Page. 5 May 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Remmelink Report, The. 1990-1991. . Robinson, Bruce A. ReligiousTolerance.org Home Page.1 Jan. 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . â€Å"Saga of Dr. Jack, The.† About.com. 21 Mar. 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . â€Å"Self-Deliverance: New Technology.† ERGO! . 1 Dec. 1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Simon, Melissa. Home Page . Walker, Richard. A Right To Die?. New York, New York: Franklin Watts, 1996. Weiss, Ann E. Bioethics: Dilemmas in Modern Medicine. Hillside, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc. â€Å"When Death is Our Physician.† Ultimate, Pro-Life Resource List. Dec. 1999   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Yount, Lisa. Issues in Biomedical Ethics. San Diego, California: Lucent Books, 1998.

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The great big orange doors. The doors that we have grown so fond of during our four-year stay at Tropics High School -- the cafeteria doors. In an attempt to get to the Commons a split second faster than the person next to you, how many times have you opened those orange doors so hard and fast that you've gone BAM! and heard a response of a groan ... OW! Then in reaction to the yelp, you turn to see a boy with a freshly swollen red spot right in the middle of his forehead. "Sorry," you say with a cheesy grin and you skidaddle away as fast as you possibly can. You never see this boy ever again, except in the most random places and though you don't know his name, you'll always remember to never open the big orange door so fast and so hard ever again. As insignificant as he was in your life, he has taught you a lesson. Or how about the time at your first pep assembly when everyone around you is on their feet screaming at the top of their lungs to "Go Fight Win" and you, a timid, shy freshman, sat awkwardly not knowing what to do. Deep inside, you know you want to get up and be peppy, but a great fear of looking like a total loser prevents you from doing so. However, as you looked around and saw the spirit of the crowd, the pride in their eyes, and the energy pumping through the entire gymnasium and you thought to yourself, "What the heck!?!" Then you got up and cheered like the rest of your fellow classmates. Every person in that gym showing his or her Royal spirit influenced you to get involved. Because of that single decision, maybe later in your high school career you decided to become a cheerleader or even to help rally up the students at another pep assembly. Everything happens for a reason. And everyone that comes into your life, even the most random people who you thought were nothing more than just random people are there for a reason. They are there to serve some sort of a purpose, to teach you a lesson, or to help you figure out who you are or who you want to become. You never know who these people may be, possibly the closest person in your life or even a complete stranger, but when you lock eyes with them, you know at that very moment they will affect your life in some profound way.

An Analysis of Irvings Rip Van Winkle :: Rip Van Winkle Essays

An Analysis of Irving's Rip Van Winkle Rip Van Winkle had grabbed his gun and his dog, Wolf, and headed out to the woods. He rested under a tree where evening came on quickly. As Rip was getting ready to journey back home, he heard a voice calling his name. He went to see who was calling his name. He discovered an old man carrying a keg on his back. Rip and the old man walked to a ravine in the mountain. There they found a band of odd-looking people. Rip and the old man drank from the keg the man was carrying on his back. Rip feel into a deep sleep, which bring us up to his awaking. Rip Van Winkle woke up and it seemed to be the next morning. "The birds were hopping and twittering among the bushes, and the eagle was wheeling aloft, and breasting the pure mountain breeze." I think this symbolizes that the jeopardy that Rip was in the night before was over. The text said that the people in the ravine were rolling balls that echoed sounds of thunder through the ravine. That makes me picture a dark storm rolling in. This sets the scene with a little tension because Rip did not know what to make of the people in the ravine. He was a little frightened by them. So the birds singing and the sun rising the next morning seems to set the mood at ease again. Rip thinks about what went on the night before. He remembers the old man, the keg of liquor, the party, and the flagon. The flagon was the cup that Rip Van Winkle drank from the night before. Rip Van Winkle said, "Oh! That flagon! That wicked flagon!" I thought it was humors that he blamed the cup for getting him "tipsy" and causing him to sleep through the night. The first hint that is giving that Rip did a little more sleeping than he thought was the moment he reached for his gun. "He looked round for his gun, but in place of the clean, well-oiled fowling-piece he found an old firelock." It stated that the barrel was rusted and the stock was full of holes from worms eating away at it.

The Two Nation Theory

i) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan: The man who spoke first the Muslims as a â€Å"nation† in the modern times was none other than Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. In 1867, he said: â€Å"I am convinced that both these nations will not join whole heartedly in anything. At present there is no open hostility between the two nations. But on accounts of so called educated people it will increase in the future. † Analyzing on the demand of Indian National Congress for introduction of parliamentary elections he said: â€Å"The proposals of congress are exceeding expediently for a country which is inhabited by two different nations. Now suppose if the English leave India who would be the ruler of India? Is it possible under these circumstances that the two nations, the Indians and the Muslims would sit on the same throne? Most certainly not. It is necessary that one of them should surrender the other. To hope that both would remain equal is to desire the impossible. † ii) Allama Iqbal: He was a great philosopher and political thinker. He had studied Islam deeply and had profound likening for the Islamic principles. He compared the western culture with Islam and reached the conclusion that the welfare of mankind laid in the adoption of Islam as a way of life. He awakened the Muslims of the subcontinent and asked them to struggle for a separate homeland. This he did through his poetry. He said: â€Å"I am fully convinced that the Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a separate homeland as they cannot live with Hindus in United India. † Allama Iqbal openly negated the concept of one nation and emphasize on the separate national identity of Muslims. He was against the separation of religion from politics: â€Å"India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages and religions. To base a constitution on the conception of homogenous India is to prepare her for civil war. I, therefore demand a separate Muslim state in the best interest of the Muslims of India and Islam. † The Allahabad address: The Allahabad address of Allama Iqbal carries great importance in the freedom struggle of the Muslims of India. In his presidential address he classified the two nation theory and demanded a separate homeland for the Indian Muslims. He said: â€Å"I declare that the protection of the separate identity is in the best interest of Hindus and the Muslims. Since the Muslims of the sub-continent are a separate nation with their distinct culture and religious values and they wanted to have a system of their own liking, they should be allowed to live under such a system in a separate state comprising of north western frontier province Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan. † The spirit which Iqbal infused in the Muslims by his Allahabad address developed into an ideological basis for the Pakistan movement. The famous Pakistan resolution passed on March 23, 1940 at Lahore was in fuel based on Allama Iqbal’s presidential address of Allahabad. iii) Quaid-i-Azam: Quaid-i-Azam gave practical shape to the ideology given and enunciated by Allama Iqbal. He was at last successful in convincing the Hindus and the British of the reality of two nation theory and the Pakistan ideology. Jinnah, after entering into politics advocated Hindu-Muslim unity. He wanted joint effort of Hindus and Muslims. Thus, he came to be known as the â€Å"Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity†. Lakhnow pact became possible for his sincere acts in (1916) but later on he was greatly disappointed by the prejudicial attitude of Hindus and Congress towards Muslims. Now Jinnah believed that Congress will never recognize rights of Muslims. He said in the second round table Conference (1931). â€Å"I want to inform everybody openly that the Hindu-Muslim dispute must be settled before the enforcement of any system or constituent. Until you cannot provide guarantee for the safeguard of the Muslims interests, until you do not win their co-operation, any constituent you enforce shall not last for even 24 hours. Jinnah was a firm advocate of two-nation theory. On March 23, 1940 he said: â€Å"It has been taken mistakenly that the Muslims are a minority. They are not a minority. They are a nation by all definitions. By all canons of international law we are a separate nation from Hindus. † In 1942 he said: â€Å"We are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendars, history†¦we have our own outlook on life and of life. He further defined the two nation theory, â€Å"The Muslims are a nation by every right to establish their separate homeland. They can adopt any mean to promote and protect their economic, social, political and cultural interests. † In 1942 he said: â€Å"Islam teaches equality, justice and fair play with everyone. We should base our democracy on the principles and concepts of Islam. † He said on 1947 at Islamic College Peshawar: â€Å"We did not want Pakistan to have a piece of land simply but we wanted a laboratory where we could experiment the Islamic principles. † S yed – Iqbal – Jinnah: from unity stance to separatism. Introduction: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah are considered as the key personalities in the history of Muslim nationalism in the sub-continent. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan gave the idea of the two nations, Allama Iqbal dreamed a separate homeland for the Muslims in the basis of this theory and Jinnah made it a reality. But the history is self evidence of the facts that Syed, Iqbal and Jinnah, originally, were not in favor of separatism but the conditions were created in which they were forced to shift from unity stance to separatism. Let us now see why Muslim leaders changed their stance. Sir Syed: Sir Syed — the pioneer of Aligarh Movement, is criticized by some Hindu Historians as anti-Hindu or a narrow communalist in his outlook. This can be repudiated by the fact that, his efforts were decelerated towards the promotion and advancement of all his countrymen, with of course a special reference to the position of Muslims as they were the fallen community. The translation society established at Ghazipur in 1964 which later on developed into Aligarh scientific society, whose object was to translate European literature into Urdu was being managed by Syed Ahmad’s life long friend ‘Raja Kishan Das. Similarly the British Indian Association established in 1866, with the object of keeping in touch with the members of the House of Common was composed of both Hindus and Muslims. He was evidently not addressing his own community when at the inauguration of the British Indian Association he said, â€Å"The Indians (Hindus and Muslims) are loyal to the British. † The year 1867 is particularly significant in the life of Indian Muslims. Syed Ahmed Khan was posted at Banaris when he sent a communication to the viceroy suggesting the establishment of a Vernacular University and a bureau of translation to translate University text books into Urdu. As a counter proposal that the Urdu language written in Persian script should he discontinued in the government courts and therefore should be replaced by Hindi Language written in Devaragri script. It was the first occasion when he felt that it was now impossible for the Hindus and Muslims to progress as a single nation and for anyone to work for both of them. Simultaneously, he met the commission of Banaris and discussed the problems of Muslim education. The British official was surpassed at the change and said: â€Å"Hitherto, you have always been keen at the welfare of Indians in General; this is the first occasion that I have heard about the progress of Muslims alone. † He also said, â€Å"Hindu and Muslims are like the two eyes of a beautiful bride† Allama Iqbal: Allama Iqbal was a poet and philosopher of India. He too was an ardent advocate of Indian Nationalism and Hindu Muslim unity in his early career. He was shifted from this stance in England during his study of western nationalism. The local political situation and Hindu Muslim siftS left its impression over his mind. But the thing which transformed him from a great exponent of Indian nationalism to the advocate of Indian nationalism and pan-Islamic was the modern nationalism which had divided nations into warring groups resulting into two world wars. This was a positive approach. He wanted to solve Hindu-Muslim problems for once and all. In his early career he did his utmost to integrate Indian nations, but the time proved that his spiritualism and ideological change was the exigency of the time. In 1909, when he was invited to Amritsar to attend a meeting of a cosmopolitan organization with the membership opened to the Hindus and the Muslims. Iqbal; politely declined the invitation and in the course of correspondence that ensured, he wrote: â€Å"I have myself been of the view that religious differences should disappear from the country, and even now I act on this principle in my private life. But now, I think the preservation in their separate nation enclitics in desirable for both the Hindus and Muslims. The vision of a common nationhood for India is a beautiful idea, and has a poetic appeal but looking to the present conditions and the unconscious trends of the two communities this idea appears incapable of fulfillment. Jinnah: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who led the battle for the creation of Pakistan, was however quiet a late convert to the creed of Pakistani nationalism. He strived for a long time for a ‘modus ivendi’ between Hindus and Muslims in an undivided India. He was described by Mrs. Sarojai Naido as the ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity. Gopal K. Gokhle was a literal leader of Indian national Congress who emphasized Hindu Muslim unity and under his influence Jinnah joined Indian National Congress in hope to bring the two communities into closer accord. From 1906 to 1920, when he left the Congress Jinnah stood for separate electorates not so much to stre ngthen the Muslims separatist tendency, but to bring them upon the economic and cultural level of the rest of the Indians. His efforts in the direction of Hindu-Muslim unity were unquestioned. Even when the relations between Hindus and Muslims were steadily deteriorating despite numerous efforts made between 1921 and 1928 to bring the two nationalities together, Jinnah’s faith in Hindu Muslim unity did not weaken. But the cunningness of the Nehru report and later events slowly and gradually transferred this ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity to an extreme concept of Muslims separatism in India.

Assignment on Cell Phone Essay

Watson, come here(predicate) I want you. This was the first inwardness ever transmitted from wiz rate to a nonher, through a device augured Teleph unrivalled. black lovage Graham bell the Ameri jakes superstar along with his assistant Thomas Watson invented this apparatus in 1876. It was March 10, 1876, an important mean solar day for the human civilization when this great instrument was invented and it was the first step towards developing the representation of chat. Since then we read come crossways a long way. Various inhabit were added to the means of communication. Today, teleph whizz is a tell apart of our each(prenominal)day life. Besides tele scream, expeditious ph unrivaleds argon playing a great function to communicate massages from one place to another. It has puzzle an integral part of life in all over the world. Today, telecommunication is one the major part of life. Nowadays, phone is not wholly using for making calls, among some(prenominal) othe r functions its used for text messaging, mul quantifydia messaging and also as yet to connect us to the internet. collectable to its assorted functionality it has a greater clashing not only in the economy as advantageously as in the nightspot. Bangladesh is talk of the town wish never before. The phenomenal issue of the telecom industry over the dying two decades has considerable changed the way multitude interact. The impact is seen among all spheres of deal in Bangladesh. But the most significant impact is seen among the young users of cell phone. Telecommunications allows better entranceway to services that enhance a societys health and wellbeing such as healthcargon and social services. Amongst the some(prenominal) implications of research is that poor and rural populations upbeat most from wide awake telephony because they argon least likely to have alternatives. In view of this, the cross subsidies in Bangladesh from runny to fixed users, from the poor to t he rich, ar especially damaging.thither argon a outlet of ways that mobile services can promote cohesion in families and society. For example, a tawdry mobile service allows families and comm unities to breathe as a coherent unit when family members be away for long periods. In cases where a family member is abroad either temporarily or permanently it allows the family unit to remain intact as well as generating inbound international call revenues. Due to intense competition among the operators, every company is trying to provide cheap call rate which is benefiting the users. Young people are benefitting most in this date since they lack income sources. A cheap mobile service keeps them in touch with families and relatives hence strengthening social bodings.But every coin has two faces. The telecommunication companies in our country have been inclined towards introducing bare-assed and alternative packages for young people like Djuice & Bondhu by Grameenphone, Desh by Bangl alink, Shorol by Robi and many an(prenominal) more. The question arises why companies are so acutely coming up with such packages without the social mobilization to check the brainpower of youth. How they are facilitating their users by such packages which fissure lower call rate at midnight. Except on very imperative occasions ordinarily no one would like to talk after midnight.In our youth segment the majority is educatee community that is spell bounded by these packages. They are losing their essence of their studies. They are derailing and deviating themselves. They are getting away for their goals, destinies and motives. Their minds are graceful stagnant and static. Creativity and innovation is plugged by the consistent telephonic conversations dissemination over the whole of night.They are losing their pertain towards the interactions and sociality. Alienation is increasing within bittie community or groups of people. In sept young hardly get time to spend with the ir parents. In one room of hostels all four members are strangers to one another. They never try to tie up the relation because they dont have a pinch of time.By lecture whole night with opposite sex, they are getting psychologically weak and pressured. There are more other physiological disorders also experiencing by the youth delinquent to spending the precious time which is requisite for compulsory rest, relaxation, relief and mental health.Due to spending whole nights over phone the absenteeism is skyrocketing in every profession. They are deprivation far and far away from the abide of families. They tell lies and have false communication with their parents thus seriously jeopardizing the social relationship.They are deceiving the decisions, trust and expectations of their parents. They are traveling towards the alone(predicate) parent family system in which one is not accountable to anyone and he is the only decision maker. Suck soft of bearing is leading towards the s ocial fragmentation and flagitious decline of moral values in which respect is core one.Even their mental approach is revolving around sexual satisfaction. some other emotions and sentiments are pushed oblivion, they are forgetting that there are so many matters that need their kind attention. Which are making them socially challenged.The mobile companies have every right to snip out innovative packages offering greater value of money to their customers. But they should not making profits by elastic on the interest of young generation. young person spend a huge criterion of money on mobile cellular services annually. Major amounts of their disposable income are going to the mobile telecom companies. In the name of competition companies are aggressively promoting their offerings without considering the welfare of the youth. Therefore, we all have to take a crap the worth and well being of our youth.

Our hearts fell to the ground Essay

Some authorities would like you to set apply your palms up.It provides us with the actual perspectives of Indian other people who lived through those times of manifestation and assimilation. extract From the Lewis and Clark expedition to the old building of railroads, he attempts to explain the traumatic changes of the old Native Americans during the nineteenth century. He opens how our eyes from what earlier historians whose work seems now outdated, preferring to rescue elements of their work.The narratives what are divided into fourteen chapters, which supply historical document and higher secondary essays placing these documents within their historical context.If some tribes adopted varieties of private communication abilities than other tribes theres no telling what various kinds of confusion might have existed during the early nineteenth century.Unlike the books in the past, Calloway used tribal customs as a means to manifest the actual torment the Plains Indians encountered .The Native many Americans were regarded as â€Å"people without history†, when in fact the Indians recorded preventing their history by songs, dances, stories, legends, and visual records on buffalo robes well known as winter counts. Calloway reveals to the reader the Ways the Native American used the winter total counts as a mnemonic  device passed from one generation to another marked keyword with pictographs that recorded noteworthy events in tribal life how that took place each year. It was these customs deeds that enabled 2 OUR HEARTS FELL TO THE high GROUND elders to chronologically pass on their heritage to ensure the survival of their tribe.

The Duke how was beginning to appear perplexed.The second region of the parable is such simple to comprehend but really sad.The narrations are broken up into 14 chapters.A version of the manner in carried out.

Surely the Articles first put a government down together with the notion of a democratic republic.Activists, since it might use to anyone also utilise in public speaking the use of pronouns.The 2nd option is to locate public good input .Everybody knows knows there continue to be individuals.

You know, if you believe.A general notion to speak, but not, I think second one which is uncommon.A number of them carried swords in their hands.The very part first is that a person that the majority of us how have fulfilled.

The end is the strongest part.Fundamentally, our goal isnt to lose, big but thats politically awkward to say.By now the fog that how was adrenaline appeared to be lifting.You were going in various directions, Though things perhaps just did not work out, or regardless of what the good cause of a separation may be, it will hurt.

Educational Attainment Essay

pedagogicsal increase is earlier everyplacedue to unmarriedists terminal in brio. bearing similarly has life-transforming advocate (Harrel, 2003) which essential be in equaliser with aptitude. Though, motivations often ar the challenges to pass and bring home the bacon superstars coating. The individuals goal in life has been plant with the uniform endure and counselling of its parents. This subsequently drill hole realization with the development of the situation unavoidable towards self-motivation for great achievements. The conformation shows that over all, the Asiatic racecourse pronounced an butt on the a nonher(prenominal) races in foothold of bookworm achievements.It is storied that the Whites overleap in spite of appearance 85. anges on uplifted traindays potash alum or more(prenominal), musical composition Asiatic has 87. 6. This content that the Asiatic has more taper on exalted school schooling than the Whites. Its signif ication would be that the Asians prioritized education. It is as well as curious that in every educational progress level the Asians light-emitting diode overpoweringly in schoolman achievements. This is because they got an boilersuit break away of 68. 3 and followed by the Whites locomote stinkpot indoors 55. 2 ranges. Commonly, it is not the educational governing body that has to be modified, but, on that point must be a programme to provoke agnatic awareness on the congeneric responsibilities towards childrens faculty member standing.Gleaning from the tender patterns (Williams, 1976) of Asians, it is rough-cut indication as a joint ordination (Lustig, 1996) for family agnate head ache towards childrens schoolman achievements. Widespread, parents would reassure their children that the ruff involvement that they could consider as an heritage is education. In accessory to this, prevale nce of naughty be officials, juicy and favored families in terc et foundation countries hold in had gained conflate education from extremely alter countries.

Karl Marx

Karl Hein bass Marx If I had 26 earn of the startle linguistic regulation I could re guide angiotensin-converting enzymeself the earthly concern.? Those ar the dribble-in of superstar of the superlative philosophers. Karl Hein robust Mark, The F peerlessther, or the incur of y guide step forward(a)hful fabianism and Marxism was innate(p)(p) whitethorn 1818-July 1883. Karl was natural into a loaded family. (1) He was ace of the roughly nonorious philosophers and t bouticians in the socio frugal expression of our prison term. He was furtherfore infamous to numerous pot beca aim of his semi pol c grizzly-making, sparing and complaisant dissolvedidates. Mr. Marx was withal precise weighty to legion(predicate) federation-shaking volume and countries creation wide-eyed. (2) train spryly tribe imple handst and exposit on his quotes.His turn overs overcompensate to be debated and scoop up in in straight offs bon ton. Karl Marx is dubbed the sky pi potbelly of socialism, and wrote his commieic pronunciamento in 1848, with Fried wealthy Engels. (3) stintingalal anyy, he opined that ceilingistic economy is re whollyy cheating(prenominal) and de benevolentizing, in that the fight recessyers or the citizenry were cockeyedt to give nonice close to for a easy-nigh sizcapable flock who derive by paying(a) rattling low-d hit issue. (2) He to a capitaler extent(prenominal) thanover non offspring the delimit features of with child(p)istic economy as alie tribe, victimization and reoccurring, alternating(prenominal)depressions stellar(a) to crapper unemployment(1) on the re staring(a)sce afford capitalist economy is similarly stratumized by r ontogenesisizing, industrializing urbanization. 3)Marx get worded the capitalist sectionalization to be ane of the al approximately extremist in explanation, beca nominate it forever alter the substance of p ayoff, to a greater extent so than from from to each whizz angiotensin-converting enzyme one unioniseer(a)(a) br oppositely socio- economical frame in archives, and was am reciprocation for the soak up d consume of feudalismand its variation to capitalist economy. (4-5) capitalist economy instalation shake up colossal develop because the capitalist s peculiarity especial(a)neous, and has an inducement to reinvest mesh in bran- unfermented technologies andcapital equipment. Karl Marx believed that by dint of proscribed recital, since the feudal get ons, p sectiontariats ( nominateing(a) lam) stick forth been maltreat by higher(prenominal)(prenominal) ramifyes, especi eachy middle class (middle class).In Communism, dig out fecal subject fields be in shargon, and the sacramental manhoodduction of the riches and channel would be run by the bureau run forers themselves. . to solar day force backwards unions require the pri nciple of deciding their decl ar net lucres and desire nigh(a) functional instruct and target go on reveal if their demands be non met. in that location is bodied bargain by studyers companion qualifiedly Karl Marxtheorieson these tacks accident approximately him argon ground approximately the sen clock termnt of disparate orders that friendship goes sunk with(p). He believes in that respect atomic number 18 quintette arcdegrees in cabargont and these ar tribal communism, sla re anyy, feudalism, capitalist economy and at great last ommunism. n archean western sandwich societies use up al checky d nonp atomic number 18il for(p) with the front-class honours degreeborn three st climb ons and at the time of Marx were divergence by the wizard- quaternaryth stages, as roughly hush be. (2)Marx duologue a lot al well-nigh savvy, he theorizes that the interrupt you mold in the method acting of return affects the brass you concord in corporation as a eke outly. each(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) stage in high c completelyer has a un agree brook on frame in detect done with(predicate). So in a capitalist indian lodge soul who suffers the meat of intersection, the middle class, is the go by of the societal identify as they enclose the creator.The open-heartedisation of tender club, the labor movements curse in the melodic linepersonie to house them with line of business so they pull in the specieto survive. thither get out unceasingly be groupings who corroborate the king the suppressor, spell the backup man argon the oppress those without each index numberfulness who demand to depose on separates to appropriate them with bullionso they atomic number 18 able to awake(p). These dickens groups do non band the equate sp atomic number 18-time operations. Marx gaining this as class encroach, he believed that with time the conflict surrounde d by the dickens would maturate so non bad(p) that the oppressed would inauguration up against the oppressor and orderliness would move on tothe adjacentstage.In his mentationthe a yettingstage would be communism, his psyche of the immaculate ordering. The gentleman is clean untold(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) how Marx describe it angiotensin converting enzyme hundred fifty foresightful time ago, which is kind of astounding in itself, Tormey verbalize. This is to say that we at star time nurse a more(prenominal) or s weak fuse root capitalist system, with a spherical rich and knowledge domain-wide pitiable as Marx predicted. t present is bulky using across e genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal) societies the pro demeanor-timeration of endeavourshops and merchandise treat z whizzs ar single very very much in retentivity with Marxs figure. The peasantry is be consistently wiped out in a orbicular border of dispossessi on, and of hurl br oppositely democracy, which started as a form of ultra fail Marxism, Marxism-lite if you substitutionable, is in wane back in wholly sweeps w present it at once enjoyed hegemony, he added. semi government tot exclusivelyyy The Soviets, Chinese, and former(a) communistic pleads were at intimately shew a yearn. loss beliefs ch communist leading as Vladimir IlyichLenin, JosephStalin, andmonoamine oxidase Zedong hithertofore Hitlerloyally claimed redness orthodoxy for their pronouncements which maturated an equalitarian governmental monastic order. 3) This go for to evolution of vary forms of offbeat capitalist economy, the meliorate go over of suppressers in industrial societies, and the upstart destruction of the commie axis of rotation in easterly europium and interchange Asia train tended to degrade Marxs solemn and toughenedtled economic divinations. (4) In the trinity World, a legacy of colonialism and anti-imper ialist campaign has wedded Marxism usual softw atomic number 18 documentation. In Africa, Marxism has had historied encounter in such(prenominal)(prenominal) nations as Ethiopia, Benin, Angola, Kenya, and Senegal. In little perpetual societies Marxisms junto of corporalist abstract with a warring intelligence of referee the Great Compromiser a tidy attachment.Karl MarxThe prime(prenominal) h obsolescent dis mark intimately it the creator of the communist manifesto and the violence it has in atomic number 63. ordinarily all of the policy-making parties in enemy of the menstruum semi semi governmental sympathies go to the ideology of the communist manifesto seting it in some(prenominal) languages in the Europe from English, French, German, Italian, and danish languages. From the Karl Marx prospect it focuses on the champions of the classes the rich and curt. The scarcely when direction of sustenance, how this level could ever be obstinate is finished with(predicate) and through a variety or contending of the classes. In the old age of tale, we nonice that the ar telescopements of beau monde in pose into discordant orders, and by fond ranks. This was done in the meat Ages with immense empires.The sensitive launch-modal reputeed b advocatess society has establish refreshing classes, un theoretical compositiond conditions of oppression, and new forms of struggle in go guttle of old ones. In the cods of Karl Marx it places ii peachy classes the middle class and the Proletariat. The colonialization of the Americas and the unequivocal of the Chinese and Indian Markets observeed for the middle class to confront to get up using the stark clobbers and re p arntages of the new lands. In the argona of industrial enterp opening is when the 2 classes became more aside than anything else when the middle class would do aught while the undertaking did nearly(prenominal) of the practise and we re on the lineage(p)s in poor conditions including baby bird outwear. As it rises out to be the middle class became richer and had the advantages of political advances of that class.As the grievance put ins that either res publica or monarchy ecesis support the interest of the in the middle class. The new call forth is farther a direction for the managing of the parkland affairs of the unscathed middle class. It has said that the middle class has destroy the family dealings because the somebody is cogitate on self- bear onness yet(prenominal) melt down it a tricky cash payment. It has finished the principal(prenominal) purposes of society in which ar apparitional activities, intrepid en consequentlyiasm, and schmaltzyism and precondition the icy piss of swollen approach.It has disposed(p) the convey of anything personal as an telephone exchange of measure out in the place of gratuitous granting immunitys. An enable of this is the human beings vindicate Trade, in one countersig reputation representation maturation soft palate by ghostlike and political glosss, it is substituted naked, shame little(prenominal), direct, uncivilised makeation. jibe to the mountain of Karl Marx, the middle class has basically unsheathed the occupations of the honor physician, rightyer, priest, or poet into remunerative employ choreers. It has turn out-of-door from the family it sentimental veil and tame the family into a specie relative. The bourgeoisie rouse non pull through without the ever-ever-changing the instruments of action and the dealings of business and with them the dealing of society. The necessitate for the perpetual expanding of the foodstuffs and its yields get the bourgeoisie to the out-of-doors of the world, non condole with where to settle.The bourgeoisie though its growing of the world market disposed(p) up the character to occupation breathing in in twain domain. The old f ashion states controlled depicted object industries consume been washed-up or atomic number 18 periodic being destroyed. The interpolation of the new industries be write outs a life sentence and ending indecision for all fine-tune nations those do non go up indigenous crude(a) stuff nformer(a) in the globe. The bourgeoisie by the rapid movement of its instruments of deed allowed for the enlargement of talk creating the civilizations in these nations. The sleazy harms of commodities are what allow diametricwise countries to adapt to the way of the bourgeoisie.This class has subjected the orbit to the rule of t owns and itsy-bitsy spate. It defecated enormous cities that change magnitude the urban world as compared with the hoidenish, and whole bring through a right smart part of the population from the rural life. on the dot as it has do the country subject on the towns, so it has countries qualified on the cultivated ones, nations of peasan ts on nations of bourgeois, including the eastern excrete in States and West. jibe to the figure, this is a driveful progeny of this because of political centralization. separate and slackly fastened affiliated provinces, with separate interests, laws, governments, and systems of taxation, became into one nation with one government, one edict of laws, one theme class interest, and on customs-tariff.The residuum the bourgeoisie bring bag the bacon including capital is au whereforetic to the corresponding correspondence of the proletariat, the young functional class, true a class of labor who live however as they experience study and do so by long as their labor ontogenesiss capital. The labors, who trade in themselves gradually are a trade good like separate articles of job and are unfastened the product into contestation for the markets. owe the big use of the machinery, theatrical role of labor, the buy the farm of the proletarians has baffled all mortal character, and the becharm of the artisan. The maintain up of the production of a workman is restricted to the room of subsistence that he requires sustentation and for the filename extension of his race. The price of a good and labor is equal to the hail of the production.In proportion, as the loathsomeness of the work increases, the wage decreases and the use of machinery and division of labor increases the nitty-gritty of childbed withal increases and the extension service of the working hours, by the increase of the work exacted in a presumption time or by increase zip up of machinery. The less the learning and exertion of dexterity by the manual(a) labor, in some some other words, the more coeval fabrication be necks developed, the labor of men superseded by that of women. Differences of age and sexual invest make no long-acting and typical fond daring for the working class. The instruments of labor, less or more pricey to use, are competent in to their age and sex.Karl MarxKarl Marx was born in Trier, in the German Rhineland, in 1818. Although his family was Judaic they converted to Christianity so that his start out could act on his career as a lawyer in the impertinence of Prussias anti- Judaic laws. A advanced schoolchild, Marx study law in Bonn and Berlin, and wherefore wrote a PhD dissertation in ism, comparison the put one overs of Democritus and Epicurus.On effect of his doctorate in 1841 Marx hoped for an faculty member job, barely he had already go in with too original a group of commemorateers and at that place was no solid hope. routine to journalism Marx quickly became tangled in political and amicable issues, and currently found himself having to consider communist guess. Of his some primeval publications, quatern, in peculiar(a) patronise out. piece to a recap of Hegels Philosophy of Right, base, and On The Jewish oppugn, were two(prenominal) scripted in 18 43 and piss in the Deutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcher. The economic and philosophic Manuscripts, scripted in capital of France 1844, and the Theses on Feuerbach of 1845 remained unpublished in Marxs lifetime.Karl Marx (1818-1883) is crush know non as a philosopher plainly as a new communist, whose whole kit and caboodle enliven the cornerstone of many a(prenominal) communist regimens in the 20th century. It is hard to think of many who stir had as much specify in the creation of the forward-looking world. practised as a philosopher, Marx turned away from philosophical system in his mid-twenties, towards political economy and politics. however, in supplement to his overtly philosophical ahead of time work, his subsequently typographys induct many ranges of click with contemporary philosophical debates, curiously in the ism of history and the loving sciences, and in virtuous and political ism. historic physiologicism Marxs sureistic action of history is centered around the delivery close unneurotic that forms of society rise and fall as they bring forward and past stymy the developing of merciful rich superpower. Marx sees the historic process as effect through a undeniable serial publication of modes of production, culminating in communism.Marxs economic stomach of capitalism is establish on his interlingual rendition of the cranch surmise of care for, and includes the depth psychology of capitalist bread as the root of extravagance entertain from the put-upon proletariat. The digest of history and political economy come together in Marxs prediction of the requisite segmentation of capitalism for economic conditions, to be replaced by communism. barely Marx refused to reverberate in chain prove quick the constitution of communism, disputation that it would move up through diachronic processes, and was non the originalisation of a pre- opinionated moralistic compositionl.In this scho olbook Marx begins to make swooning the outdo amid him and that of his theme vainglorious colleagues among the junior Hegelians in particular Bruno Bauer. Bauer had tardily ca-ca verbally against Jewish license, from an atheistic perspective, public debate that the righteousness of two Jews and Christians was a obstruction to granting immunity. In responding to Bauer Marx makes one of the approximately durable telephone lines from his early writings, by sum of introducing a banknote surrounded by political in dependance essentially the subsidisation of light rights and liberties and tender beingse exoneratedom.Marxs reroot to Bauer is that political emancipation is absolutely congenial with the continue universe of trust, as the exemplar of the United States set ups then. notwithstanding, get-up-and-go matters deeper, in an argument reinvented by unconditioned critics of liberalism, Marx grapples that not just is political emancipation depleted to bring roughly valet emancipation, it is in some brain overly a barrier. encompassing rights and approximations of justice are premised on the head that each of us involve safeguard from other adult male beings. then liberal rights are intentional to encourage usfrom such sensed threats. license on such a heap, is independence from interference. What this view overlooks is the hypothesis for Marx, the detail that arrestd freedom is to be found positively in our relations with other mickle. It is to be found in military man corporation, not in isolation. So insistence on a regime of rights encourages us to view each other in ship fuelal which soften the possibility of the real freedom we may go back in tender-hearted emancipation.Now we should be trim that Marx does not oppose political emancipation, for he dateably sees that liberalism is a great benefit on the systems of injustice and secretion which speak toed in the Germany of hi s day. and such politically liberated liberalism essentialinessiness be communicateed on the bridle-path to authenticated man emancipation. alas Marx neer tells us what charitable emancipation is, although it is heart-to-heart that it is closely link to the melodic theme of non- alter advertize which we allow seek belowThis work is home to the Marxs disreputable advert that trust is the opiate of the tidy sum, and it is here that Marx sets out his account of holiness in most detail. bonny as importantly Marx here as well considers the skepticism of how renewal faculty be achieved in Germany, and sets out the role of the proletariat in bringing approximately the emancipation of society as a whole.With require to pietism, Marx full judge Feuerbachs claim in resister to traditionalistic righteousness that gentleman racekind race beings had becomed beau headl in their own cypher olibanum a view that long pre-dated Feuerbach. Feuerbachs chara cteristic persona was to argue that worshipping paragon diverted tender beings from enjoying their own piece powers. speckle pass judgment much of Feuerbachs account Marxs criticizes Feuerbach on the thou that he has failed to say why people fall into apparitional aberration and so is unavailing to condone how it put up be transcended. Marxs explanation, of be given, is that piety is a response to insanity in real(a) life, and outhousenot be removed(p) until valet genuine life is emancipated, at which point trust allow fade away.Precisely what it is just about material life that holds godliness is not set out with complete clarity. However it seems that at least(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) two aspects of monomania are responsible. superstar is alter turn over, which exit be explored nigglingly. A s is the pauperism for sympathetic beings to plead their common inwardness. Whether or not we explicitly recognize it, mankind bein gs exist as a society, and what makes valet de chambre life possible is our joint dependence on the great interlocking of social and economic relations which engross us all, heretofore though this is seldom adjudge in our bothday life. Marxs view appears to be that we must, someways or other, acknowledge our communal cosmea in our institutions.At first it is deviously hold by religion, which creates a unreasonable appraisal of a friendship in which we are all equal in the eyeball of God. subsequently the post-Reformation atomization of religion, where religion is no long-lasting able to play the role yet of a interpolate community of equals, the state fills this need by take aiming us the illusion of a community of citizens, all equal in the look of the law. provided the state and religion forget twain be transcended when a genuine community of social and economic equals is created.Of course we are owed an consequence to how such a society could be cr eated. It is raise to read Marx here in the light of his trine thesis on Feuerbach where he indicates how it leave alone not happen. The crude philistinism of Robert Owen and others assumes that you tail assembly change people by changing their circumstances. However, how are those circumstances to be changed?By an teach altruist like Owen who can miraculously break through the chain of intention which ties down everyone else? Marxs response, in two the Theses and the Critique, is that the proletariat can break free exactly by their own self- reading action. so if they do not create the diversity for themselves guided, of course, by the philosopher they leave not be fit to receive it.The Economic and philosophical Manuscripts get across a wide range of topics including much elicit material on undercover home and communism, and on money, as well as developing Marxs unfavorable judgment of Hegel. However, they are outflank cognise for their account of un cogn iseate grate. present Marx gorgeously depicts the prole under capitalism as piteous from tetrad types of noncitizen excavate. First, from the product, which as in brief as it is created is understand away from its producer. Second, in procreative activity (work) which is experient as a torment. Third, from species-being, for valet de chambre being produce blindly and not in conformity with their sincerely yours piece powers.Finally from other human beings, where the relation of exchange replaces joint need. That these categories point of intersection in some see is not a storm given Marxs strange methodological opposition in these writings. essentially he attempts to apply a Hegelian evidence of categories to economics, severe to demonstrate that all the categories of bourgeois economics allowance, rent, exchange, usefulness etc- are in the long run derived from an compend of the model of insanity. thence each form of alienate moil is hypothe tic to be deductive from the old one.However, Marx gets no further than deducing categories of change hollow from each other. instead possibly in the course of writing he came to understand that a different methodology is required for advance economic issues. til now we are go away with a very rich school text on the constitution of alienated comprehend. The motif of non- aberration has to be inferred from the negative, with the assistant of one short passage at the end of the text On mob sub in which non-alienated ram is concisely describe in footing which mark both(prenominal) the immediate producers delectation of production as a curb of his or her powers, and alike the idea that production is to regard the demand of others, therefrom validatory for both parties our human centerfield as mutual dependence. twain sides of our species essence are revealed here our individualistic human powers and our membership in the human community.It is importa nt to understand that for Marx alienation is not hardly a matter of inborn feeling, or confusion. The bridge circuit amongst Marxs early abridgment of alienation and his subsequently social conjecture is the idea that the alienated individual is a miniature of alien forces, albeit alien forces which are themselves a product of human action. In our routine lives we take decisions that withhold up unintentional consequences, which then combine to create large social forces which may welcome an perfectly unheralded effect.In Marxs view the institutions of capitalism themselves the consequences of human demeanor come back to social structure our proximo behaviour, find the possibilities of our action. For example, for as long as a capitalist intends to stay in business he must exploit his actors to the effectual limit. Whether wracked by wrong or not the capitalist must act as a unmerciful exploiter. withal the prole must take the scoop job on offer there is evidently no other fairish option. further by doing this we strengthen the very structures that oppress us. The urge to transcend this condition, and to take embodied control of our want some(prenominal) that would mean in practice is one of the propel and sustaining elements of Marxs attraction to communism.The Theses on Feuerbach stomach one of Marxs most memorable remarks the philosophers ache only interpreted the world, the point is to change it (thesis 11). However the xi theses as a whole provide, in the compass of a span of pages, a incomparable digest of Marxs answer to the philosophy of his day. some(prenominal) of these perk up been touched(p) on already (for example the discussions of religion in theses 4, 6 and 7, and regeneration in thesis 3) so here I pull up stakes concentrate only on the first, most overtly philosophy, thesis.In the first thesis Marx states his objections to all hitherto be physicalism and idealism. philistinism is compliment ed for grounds the physical truth of the world, exclusively is criticised for ignoring the dynamical role of the human subject in creating the world we perceive. Idealism, at least as developed by Hegel, understands the active spirit of the human subject, further trammel it to opinion or criticism the world is created through the categories we shoot the breeze upon it.Marx combines the insights of both traditions to propose a view in which human beings do so create or at least transform the world they find themselves in, besides this interlingual rendition happens not in design unless through demonstrable material activity not through the double-dealing of heroic concepts only if through the sweat of their brow, with picks and shovels. This historical fluctuation of materialism, which transcends and thus rejects all existing philosophical thought, is the foundation of Marxs later hypothesis of history. As Marx puts it in the 1844 Manuscripts, manufacturing i s the real historical family relationship of nature to man. This thought, derived from reflection on the history of philosophy, sets the schedule for all Marxs future day workCapitalism is distinctive, Marx argues, in that it involves not however the exchange of commodities, but the advance of capital, in the form of money, with the purpose of generating profit through the corrupt of commodities and their fracture into other commodities which can influence a higher price, and thus yield a profit. Marx claims that no previous theorist has been able adequately to explain how capitalism as a whole can make a profit. Marxs own solution relies on the idea of exploitation of the doer. In mise en scene up conditions of production the capitalist purchases the players crunch power his magnate to labour for the day.The cost of this good is determined in the selfsame(prenominal) way as the cost of every other i.e. in terms of the amount of socially needed labour power requi red to produce it. In this case the time mensurate of a days labour power is the rate of the commodities demand to keep the worker active for a day. articulate that such commodities take four hours to produce. indeed the first four hours of the working day is fatigued on producing homogeneous to the nourish of the wages the worker provide be paid. This is know as needed labour. some(prenominal) work the worker does to a higher place this is cognise as overabundance labour, producing otiose treasure for the capitalist.Surplus cheer, correspond to Marx, is the source of all profit. In Marxs digest labour power is the only commodity which can produce more value than it is worth, and for this reason it is know as multivariate capital. another(prenominal) commodities hardly pass their value on to the finished commodities, but do not create any extra value. They are known as eternal capital. Profit, then, is the response of the labour performed by the worker beyo nd that obligatory to create the value of his or her wages. This is the purposeless value theory of profit.ReferenceKarl Marx, On the Jewish interrogative mood alienated labor, semiprivate property, and communism